Interaction of milkweed butterflies with egret and jewel orchids: observations on pollinaria attachment to danaid butterflies on east Sulawesi (Indonesia) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Danainae; Orchidoideae: Habenarinae and Goodyerinae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 162 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Peter H. Roos
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Orchid Pollination

Species of the butterfly subfamily Danainae visit orchids, resulting in pollinaria being attached to their heads. In several habitats in east Sulawesi a remarkable percentage of Danainae specimens was observed with orchid pollinaria preferentially attached to their eyes. Among the 13 observed native Danainae species, seven carried pollinaria. Pollinaria attachment appears to be selective for Danainae as hundreds of specimens from other butterfly families were negative. Selectivity also concerns the orchid species, as attached pollinaria could be assigned to a Habenaria orchid and in one case only to an Anoectochilus. Efficient pollinaria attachment requires compatible morphological characters of butterfly and orchid. In this respect, the observed high pollinaria load of single butterflies is also important. Comparable investigations in southeast Sulawesi did not reveal danaid–orchid interactions. Further studies are required to prove orchid pollination by Danainae and to clarify the mechanism by which these butterflies are attracted to the orchids.

scholarly journals “Push and Pull”: Biomechanics of the Pollination Apparatus of Oncidium spp.

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Thielen ◽  
Dagmar Voigt ◽  
Friederike Gallenmüller ◽  
Thomas Speck ◽  
Stanislav Gorb
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Adhesive Contact ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Force Measurements ◽  
Adhesive Material ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Orchid Pollination ◽  
Plant Families ◽  
Push And Pull ◽  
Mechanical Barrier

Comprising ca. 28,000, species the Orchidaceae constitute one of the most species-rich plant families. Orchids differ from other monocotyledons i.a., in the formation of so-called pollinaria, which are entities consisting of pollen grains aggregated into compact pollinia and accessory structures, a viscidium and mostly also a pollinium stalk. The viscidium releases an adhesive material that attaches the pollinarium to a pollinator. Pollinaria are part of a complex pollination apparatus that enables the orchids to colonize niches in which only a few individuals of the respective pollinator occur infrequently. Because the aggregated pollen grains are removed from the flower at once, the development of a mechanical barrier ensuring that only suitable pollinators are able to access the flowers and more importantly to remove the pollen are important selective traits. In this paper we describe the functional morphology of the pollination apparatus in two orchid species, Oncidium wentworthianum and O. otogaya, by experimentally mimicking the pollination process. Furthermore, we analyzed the mechanical resistance of this apparatus by means of force measurements and showed that it most probably constitutes a hierarchical two-stage barrier. The first stage consists of the presence of the anther cap that not only protects the pollinia, but also serves to prevent premature removal of young and unripe pollinaria from the flower. As soon as the pollinaria are ripe, the anther cap sheds and the second stage of the mechanical barrier takes effect, a severable bond between pollinarium and rostellum. This bond can be overcome by a potential pollinator, applying a load of at least 10.8 mN (O. otogaya) or 12.6 mN (O. wentworthianum), respectively, on the viscidium which at the same time disengages the pollinarium from its anchorage. The adhesive material produced by the viscidium creates sufficient adhesive contact between pollinarium and pollinator. Potential pollinators, such as Centris spp. or Trigona spp. bees, should be well able to exert such forces by pushing their head/forebody into the orchid flowers. Thus, whether a pollinator is able to detach the pollinarium depends on both how forcefully it can push and how strongly it can pull the orchid pollination apparatus.

scholarly journals Morphophysiological characters of Dendrobium var. Yellow Splash as influenced by bioinoculants and different levels of benzyladenine

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-60
Author(s):  
P Shilpa ◽  
Mini Sankar ◽  
P K Sudhadevi ◽  
C K Geetha ◽  
Reshmi Vijayaraghavan
Keyword(s):  
Crop Production ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Leaf Length ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Microbial Consortia ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Tropical Orchid ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Different Levels

Dendrobium is the most commonly grown tropical orchid species in India and Kerala. They are highly specific about their nutrient requirement. The use of bio-inoculants in crop production of ornamentals has opened up a new possibility of using them for improving the growth and yield of orchids. Hence the objective of study was to evaluate the response of Dendrobium cv. Yellow Splash to different kinds of bio-inoculants viz., AMF, Azospirillum and a microbial consortia PGPR Mix – 1 developed from KAU, along with 50, 100 and 150 ppm of benzyladenine. The experiment consisted of ten different treatments involving bio-inoculants and benzyladenine. Plant height and number of leaves were maximum in the plants inoculated with AMF along with 100 ppm benzyladenine. Treatment comprising of Azospirillum and 100 ppm benzyladenine was superior in terms of other morphological parameters like leaf breadth, leaf area and plant spread. Maximum leaf length and highest number of shoots were observed in plants inoculated with Azospirillumand 150 ppm benzyladenine. Considering the floral parameters, both quantitative and qualitative attributes were found to be superior in the treatment consisting of AMF along with 150 ppm benzyladenine. Highest root length was observed under the treatment AMF along with 100 ppm benzyladenine while number of roots and root volume were maximum in the plants inoculated with Azospirillum and 150 ppm benzyladenine. Plants inoculated with AMF and 100 ppm benzyladenine had highest chlorophyll content while highest stomatal frequency was observed under the treatment Azospirillum and 100 ppm BA. From the study it could be concluded that inoculation of Dendrobium orchids with bio-inoculants like AMF and Azospirillum can significantly improve the morphological characters of the plants which in turn influence the production of quality spikes.

scholarly journals Morphological Variation among Flowers of Bulbophyllum ovalifolium (Blume) Lindl. (Orchidaceae) in Bali

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Muhammad Bima Atmaja ◽  
Aninda Retno Utami Wibowo ◽  
I Gede Tirta
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Morphological Variation ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
High Variability ◽  
Morphological Observation ◽  
Altitude Range ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Widespread Species ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Flowering Season

<p><em>Bulbophyllum ovalifolium</em> (Blume) Lindl., an epiphyte orchid species was collected from several region in Bali and maintained in “Eka Karya” Bali Botanic Garden. The orchid is a common and widespread species in Southeast Asia, thus makes the flower has high variability. Here a study through morphological characters on the flower was done to give more information and understandable of characteristic range. The species was found at altitude range 700 to 2000 m a.s.l., the morphological observation was conducted on 2014 to 2015 particularly in the flowering season. There were three variants of flower based on the differences on size, colour, and the lip. The character on lip surface was found as spot character with three types of surface: coarsely verrucose, scattered verrucose, and glabrous.</p><div><p class="Els-keywords"><strong>Keywords:</strong> Bali; Bulbophyllum ovalifolium; morphological variation; orchidaceae; orchidi.</p></div>

scholarly journals Morphotypes of Mycorrhizal Fungi of Vanda Species

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Senthilkumar. S. R ◽  
Joelri Michael Raj. L ◽  
Gomathi. G
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Western Ghats ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Habitat Destruction ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Mycorrhizal Association ◽  
Western Ghats Of India ◽  
The Relationship

<div><p><em>Mycorrhizal association is known to be important to orchid species and a complete understanding of the fungi that form mycorrhizas is required for orchid ecology and conservation. Vanda is a widespread orchid in Eastern and Western Ghats of India. Previously, we found the genetic diversity of this species has been reduced recent years due to habitat destruction and fragmentation, but little was known about the relationship between this orchid species and the mycorrhizal fungi. The Rhizoctonia-like fungi are the commonly accepted mycorrhizal fungi associated with orchids. In this study, morphotypes of the Rhizoctonia-like fungi associated with Vanda species were investigated. Among the endophytic fungal isolates obtained, Rhizoctonia-like fungi were identified based on morphological characters and further conformations can be done through molecular methods.</em></p></div>

Isolation, Identification and Molecular Characterization of Endophytic Fungi from the leaves of Coelogyne species, and their role as an Antimicrobial agent

2021 ◽  
pp. 5613-5617
Author(s):  
Akila Shree J ◽  
Krishnaveni C
Keyword(s):  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Colonization Frequency ◽  
Host Tissues

Endophytic fungi from Orchids believed to have an essential symbiotic relationship with the plant for both the germination of seeds and the development of young plantlets. Endophytes are microorganisms which live in the intercellular spaces of healthy host tissues without causing apparent symptoms. Endophytic fungi isolated from the medicinal plants are used for the development of drugs as they act as the source of bioactive compounds. This study has been designed to isolate the fungal endophytes from the leaves of three epiphytic orchid species (Coelogyne nervosa, A. Rich., Coelogyne mossiae, Rolf and Coelogyne cristata, Lindl) from the same genus Coelogyne, collected from Ooty flora, Coonoor. About five different endophytes were identified and their morphological characters were studied. Coelogyne cristata showed maximum colonization frequency. Among the five species, Fusarium species showed antibacterial activity against the gram-positive bacteria Bacillus Subtilis, a pathogen found in soil, water and food. Fungal genomic DNA isolated for molecular identification from the four fungal species.

A New Species of Justicia (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Justicieae) from Northeastern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 328-333
Author(s):  
Camila Alcantara ◽  
Gleison Soares ◽  
Francisco de Assis Ribeiro dos Santos ◽  
Marccus Alves
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Rio Grande ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Distribution Map ◽  
Key To Species ◽  
A New Species

Abstract—Justicia rubrobracteata, a new species from northeastern Brazil, is described and illustrated. The new species is morphologically similar to J. aequilabris due to its shrubby habit, and terminal and axillary spicate inflorescences with red flowers. However, J. rubrobracteata is differentiated mainly by the shape and color of its bracts and bracteoles as well as an orangish macula in the corolla, and a torulose capsule. In addition, J. rubrobracteata is only known from northeastern Brazil, from the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte, while J. aequilabris is widely distributed in Bolivia, Brazil, and Paraguay. A table with the main morphological characters of both species is included, as well as photographs, a key to species of Justicia for the states of Paraíba and Rio Grande do Norte in northeastern Brazil, a distribution map of both species, and conservation data for the new species.

Comparative Analysis of Genetic and Morphological Variation within the Platanthera hyperborea Complex (Orchidaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 767-778
Author(s):  
Eranga Wettewa ◽  
Nick Bailey ◽  
Lisa E. Wallace
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Founding Population ◽  
Multiple Origins ◽  
Geographic Structure ◽  
Species Complexes ◽  
Nuclear Its ◽  
Cryptic Taxa

Abstract—Species complexes present considerable problems for a working taxonomy due to the presence of intraspecific variation, hybridization, polyploidy, and phenotypic plasticity. Understanding evolutionary patterns using molecular markers can allow for a more thorough assessment of evolutionary lineages than traditional morphological markers. In this study, we evaluated genetic diversity and phylogenetic patterns among taxa of the Platanthera hyperborea (Orchidaceae) complex, which includes diploid (Platanthera aquilonis) and polyploid (Platanthera hyperborea, P. huronensis, and P. convallariifolia) taxa spanning North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Asia. We found that three floral morphological characters overlap among the polyploid taxa, but the diploid species has smaller flowers. DNA sequence variation in a plastid (rpL16 intron) and a nuclear (ITS) marker indicated that at least three diploid species have contributed to the genomes of the polyploid taxa, suggesting all are of allopolyploid origin. Platanthera convallariifolia is most like P. dilatata and P. stricta, whereas P. huronensis and P. hyperborea appear to have originated from crosses of P. dilatata and P. aquilonis. Platanthera huronensis, which is found across North America, has multiple origins and reciprocal maternal parentage from the diploid species. By contrast, P. hyperborea, restricted to Greenland and Iceland, appears to have originated from a small founding population of hybrids in which P. dilatata was the maternal parent. Geographic structure was found among polyploid forms in North America. The area of Manitoba, Canada appears to be a contact zone among geographically diverse forms from eastern and western North America. Given the geographic and genetic variation found, we recommend continued recognition of four green-flowered species within this complex, but caution that there may be additional cryptic taxa within North America.

Study of genetic diversity in wild raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) germplasm collection using morphological characters and RAPD markers

Biologija ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 66-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jolanta Patamsytė ◽  
Donatas Žvingila ◽  
Juozas Labokas ◽  
Virgilijus Baliuckas ◽  
Laimutė Balčiūnienė ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Rapd Markers ◽  
Germplasm Collection ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Rubus Idaeus
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