Experimental and Modeling Study of Wall Film Effect on Combustion Characteristics of Premixed Flame in a Constant Volume Combustion Bomb

The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of wall film on the combustion characteristics of premixed flames in internal combustion engines through the joint experimental and numerical techniques. The interaction between the premixed methane-air flame and n-dodecane film attached to the wall of a constant volume combustion bomb was experimentally examined. The flame propagation processes, as well as pressure evolution were quantitatively characterized. Then, computational fluid dynamic (CFD) simulation was performed incorporating the combustion chemistry model. To enable efficient simulation of the chemically reacting flow in engine chambers, a simplified modeling approach based on a two-step reaction scheme was developed. A compact reaction model for the selected model fuel n-dodecane was constructed and reduced to include 35 chemical species and 180 reactions. The flame propagation process of the premixed flame and its interaction with dry and wet walls was studied. The results showed that the propagation of the premixed flame could be divided into four stages, and the existence of the slit structure increased the instability of the flame structure in the near-wall region. The wall film tended to promote emissions, producing more unburned hydrocarbons, soot precursors and aldehydes.

Ionic Liquid Additives in Water-Based Lubricants for Bearing Steel – Effect of Electrical Conductivity and pH on Surface Chemistry, Friction and Wear

Water-based lubricants have the potential to become the largest environmentally friendly lubricants in applications such as electric vehicles and the newly emerging green technologies of the future due to their inherent low viscosity and cooling properties. In order to be environmentally acceptable (EAL), both base lubricants and additives should comply with biodegradability, non-toxicity, and non-bioaccumulation requirements. Additives for water-based lubricants should ideally be polar and soluble in water and, at the same time, should not increase the electrical conductivity to critical levels for corrosion. However, most additives used in synthetic or mineral oils are non-polar. Ionic liquids have recently gained attention as lubricant additives due to their high polarity, making them highly surface-active (i.e. high tendency to adsorb on metal surfaces). However, they are seen as highly corrosive for many metal alloys. In this work, a water-glycol lubricant containing two different ionic liquids has been investigated as a potential green lubricant for a bearing steel AISI 52100 with accurate control on electrical conductivity and pH. The selected ionic liquids were tributylmethylphosphonium dimethylphosphate (PP) and 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate (BMP). The tribological behaviour of the ionic liquids was compared with a well-known organic friction modifier, dodecanoic acid (C12). The ionic liquids showed lower friction and wear rate than the water-based lubricant alone. However, they showed higher friction than the lubricant formulated with C12, in which PP gave lower friction than BMP due to low pH. A detailed subsurface analysis of the wear track using scanning-transmission electron microscopy (STEM) showed that a thick oxide tribofilm was built on the wear track for both lubricants formulated with ionic liquids due to high electrical conductivity. This tribofilm gave beneficial effect on wear. Although PP and BMP gave thicker tribofilms than C12, it was not durable, resulting in cracking and detachment.

Balancing of Coupled Piezoelectric NEMS Resonators

Micro and Nano Electro Mechanical systems (M/NEMS) have a lot of potential to be used for sensing in different schemes and operation modes. We focus here on the use of coupled resonators for sensing and address the major limitation that these systems face, which stems from a compromise between dynamic range and responsivity. When the system becomes unbalanced, the responsivity drops. To solve this issue, we propose the use of piezoelectric-based stress tuning of the stiffness of the resonators in order to rebalance the system of resonators. With this approach we expect to be able to extend the dynamic range of such systems by some orders of magnitude.

Oil as an Enabler for Efficient Materials Removal in Three-Dimensional Scanning Probe Microscopy Applications

The ever-increasing complexity of semiconductor devices requires innovative three-dimensional materials characterization techniques for confined volumes. Multiple atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based methodologies, using a slice-and-measure approach have been proposed to meet this demand. They consist of scanning AFM probes that erode locally the sample’s material at a relatively high load while sensing with the secondary AFM channel, thus accessing in-depth information compared to the standard surface-limited analysis. Nonetheless, the rapid tip apex wear caused by the high forces involved, and the debris accumulation at the tip apex and inside/around the scan area, have been identified as major limitations to the accuracy and repeatability of the existing tomographic AFM sensing methods. Here we explore the use of oil as a suitable medium to overcome some of the issues such as the scan debris accumulation and the removal variability when working in air. We show how the use of oil preserves the tomographic operation while improving the efficiency in material removal for large depth sensing at a reduced debris accumulation. This is reported by comparing the results between air and oil environments, where the removal rate, depth accuracy, and tip-contamination are benchmarked. Finally, we provide the first demonstration of electrical AFM sensing using scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) in oil.

Influence of Combined Mechanical Processes on Tribological Properties of Tool Steels Vanadis 8 and Vancron 40 With a Similar Hardness

Surface integrity is important factor for components exposed to wear, like cold working tools, which need to possess high hardness combined with high wear resistance. Surface treatments such as grinding, hard turning, and hard turning with slide burnishing have been developed for its improvement. Vancron 40 and Vanadis 8 tool steels, of different chemical composition and different types and amounts of carbides, were now investigated. Heat treatment was carried out in vacuum furnaces with gas quenching to hardness of Vancron 64 ± 1 HRC and of Vanadis 65 ± 1 HRC. 3D topography, optical and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and ball-on-disc tribological tests against Al2O3 and 100Cr6 balls as counterparts were used to examine wear and friction. For both steels, the lowest values of dynamic frictions and wear rates against Al2O3 counterbodies were achieved after sequential process of hard turning with slide burnishing with a burnishing force of 180 N. For alumina balls, the increase of wear resistance, achieved after hard turning plus burnishing in comparison to grinding exceeds 50 and 60%, respectively for Vanadis 8 and Vancron 40 steels.

Surface Metrology Principles for Snow and Ice Friction Studies

Recent advances in surface metrology science are applied to understanding friction with snow and ice. Conventional surface metrology’s measurement, analyses, and characterizations, have inherent limitations for elucidating tribological interactions. Strong functional correlations and confident discriminations with slider surface topographies, textures, or “roughness”, have largely eluded researchers using conventional methods. Building on 4 decades of research using multiscale geometric methods, two surface metrology axioms and corollaries are proposed with good potential to provide new technological insights.

Coupled Assessment of Fire Behavior and Firebrand Dynamics

The hazards associated with firebrands have been well documented. However, there exist few studies that allow for the hazard from a given fire to be quantified. To develop predictive tools to evaluate this hazard, it is necessary to understand the conditions that govern firebrand generation and those that affect firebrand deposition. A method is presented that allows for time-resolved measurements of fire behavior to be related to the dynamics of firebrand deposition. Firebrand dynamics were recorded in three fires undertaken in two different ecosystems. Fire intensity is shown to drive firebrand generation and firebrand deposition—higher global fire intensities resulting in the deposition of more, larger firebrands at a given distance from the fire front. Local firebrand dynamics are also shown to dominate the temporal firebrand deposition with periods of high fire intensity within a fire resulting in firebrand shower at deposition sites at times commensurate with firebrand transport. For the range of conditions studied, firebrand deposition can be expected up to 200 m ahead of the fire line based on extrapolation from the measurements.

Kinematics of Articulated Planar Linkages

This paper proposes a kinematics algorithm in screw coordinates for articulated linkages. As the screw consists of velocity and position variables of a joint, the solutions of the forward and inverse velocities are the functions of position coordinates and their time derivatives. The most prominent merit of this kinematic algorithm is that we only need the first order numerical differential interpolation for computing the acceleration. To calculate the displacement, we also only need the first order numerical integral of the velocity. This benefit stems from the screw the coordinates of which are velocity components. Both the forward and the inverse kinematics have the similar calculation process in this method. Through examples of planar open-chain linkage, single closed-chain linkage and multiple closed-chain linkage, the kinematics algorithm is validated. It is particularly fit for developing numerical programmers for forward and inverse kinematics in the same procedures, including the velocity, displacement and acceleration which provide the fundamental information for dynamics of the linkage.