Salafism in Malaysia: Historical Account on Its Emergence and Motivations

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maszlee Malik
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
Point Of Interest ◽  
Islamic Faith ◽  
Historical Accounts ◽  
Malaysian Students

The term Salafism refers to an interpretation of Islam that seeks to restore Islamic faith and practice to the way they existed at the time of Prophet Muhammad and the early generations of his followers. Since this early period represented the golden age of Islam in its pure form, Salafis believe it should be the example followed by all Muslims today. Salafism as a trend and theological movement has been a point of interest to many researchers due to the current global political escalation. It has been a focal point of issues related to global terrorism, radicalism, post-Arab Spring politics, religious trends as well as theological debates. Salafism, more often known as Wahabism, has come to Malaysia at different times and with different motivations. The early brand of Salafism in pre-Malaysia Tanah Melayu, or Malaya, was the emergence of the early 20th century reformist Salafi movement, known as Kaum Muda, inspired by the Middle Eastern Abduh-Afghani Pan Islamism. Despite the differences between that and the current global Salafism they share the same roots. Additionally, according to numerous historical accounts, the current Salafi trend in Malaysia is closely related to the global Islamic revivalism of the 1970s and 1980s, and was also affected by the return of Malaysian students studying abroad during the 1990s and early 2000s. Evidence has shown that the emergence of Salafism in Malaysia has contributed directly and indirectly to the mainstream discourse of Islamic theology and Islamic worldview amongst Malaysian Muslims in general, and Islamic organizations in particular. This paper employs a historical approach in explaining the emergence of Salafism in Malaysia and offers a critical examination of certain historical events that led to the existence of the different trends and groupings of Salafism in Malaysia and its implications for Islamic discourse in the country.

scholarly journals Acculturation Challenges Faced by Malaysian Muslim Students Studying Abroad

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siti Nor Aisyah Akhwan ◽  
Dharatun Nissa Puad Mohd Kari ◽  
Salleh Amat ◽  
Mohd Izwan Mahmud ◽  
Abu Yazid Abu Bakar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Muslim Students ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Multicultural Counselling ◽  
America South ◽  
The University ◽  
Malaysian Students

Every year, thousands of Malaysian students are sent to study abroad by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) which causes several underestimated stress, especially those faced by the Muslims. This qualitative study aimed to explore the challenges of acculturation among Malaysian Muslim students studying abroad. The researchers adopted a phenomenological design approach to develop in-depth understanding of the topic. The six respondents in the study were former Malaysian students studying in Australia, the United States of America, South Korea, India, Jordan, and the United Kingdom. The respondents were interviewed, and the interview protocol guided the interview until the data reached saturation. The data obtained were analyzed in stages, starting with descriptive coding, topic coding, analytical coding, and themes identification. This process was done using Atlas. ti 8 software. The main findings highlight two research themes: the challenges to expose Islamic identity and practicing the Islamic lifestyle. Findings also suggest that Malaysian Muslim students should consider improving Islamic knowledge as it reflects the impressions of other religions on Muslims as a whole. This study’s findings are important for the student sponsorship and student welfare section of the university in providing an appropriate counselling program for international students dealing with acculturation issues. We also suggest that future research explore acculturation challenges to identify the holistic need of the multicultural counselling service.

The Right to Benevolence: Dignity and Japanese Workers, 1890–1920

1984 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 587-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Control ◽  
Labor Relations ◽  
Government Intervention ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Labor Turnover ◽  
Welfare Services ◽  
Japanese Workers ◽  
Japanese Industry ◽  
The Right ◽  
Historical Accounts

From its beginning Japanese industry was marked by a scattering of large and heavily capitalized enterprises which, as their size and number increased between 1890 and 1920, became the scene of labor unrest. In historical accounts of this early period of labor relations, workers are strangely shadowy figures, considering their centrality. They come into focus mainly at moments of crisis when they are seen to be overcoming their past, increasing their consciousness both of rights and of the need for organization and class solidarity. This developing consciousness issued at last in a sudden growth of unions between 1918 and the mid-1920s.Even before this time, however, because of fear of unions and government intervention and the need to reduce the amount of labor turnover, management had begun efforts to bring workers under greater psychological control. These efforts were now intensified, and the measures adopted—welfare services, greater security of employment, semiannual bonuses, separation pay, regular raises, factory committees—aided by a stagnant economy and unemployment throughout the 1920s, were spectacularly successful. By the early 1930s the unions were everywhere in retreat from large enterprises. The victory over worker consciousness seemed won and in fact held until 1945, when, in the aftermath of national defeat, the struggle was renewed.

The American gaze east

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Trentman ◽  
Wenhao Diao
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Language Learners ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Intercultural Learning ◽  
Policy Documents ◽  
Studying Abroad

Abstract The 21st century has seen an emphasis in US media and policy documents on increasing the numbers of US students studying abroad and also the amount of US students studying ‘critical’ languages. This paper examines the intersection of these discourses, or the experiences of critical language learners abroad. We analyze this intersection by using critical discourse analysis to examine US media and policy documents and data from students studying Arabic in Egypt and Mandarin in China. This analysis reveals considerable discrepancies between rhetoric and experience in terms of language and intercultural learning. We argue that a critical examination of current discourses of study abroad (SA) reveals that they in fact recreate the colonial map, mask global inequalities, and create a new global elite. We conclude that language and intercultural learning abroad will remain a source of tension until SA students and programs critically engage with these discourses.

scholarly journals The Philosophical Proof for God’s Existence between Europe and the Islamic World: Reflections on an Entangled History of Philosophy and Its Contemporary Relevance

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Rudolph ◽  
Roman Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
Cosmological Argument ◽  
The West ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Islamic World ◽  
Ontological Proof ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

AbstractThe Argument for God’s Existence is one of the major issues in the history of philosophy. It also constitutes an illuminating example of a shared philosophical problem in the entangled intellectual histories of Europe and the Islamic World. Drawing on Aristotle, various forms of the argument were appropriated by both rational Islamic Theology (kalām) and Islamic philosophers such as Avicenna. Whereas the argument, reshaped, refined and modified, has been intensively discussed throughout the entire post-classical era, particularly in the Islamic East, it has likewise been adopted in the West by thinkers such as the Hebrew Polymath Maimonides and the Medieval Latin Philosopher and Theologian Thomas Aquinas. However, these mutual reception-processes did not end in the middle ages. They can be witnessed in the twentieth century and even up until today: On the one hand, we see a Middle Eastern thinker like the Iranian philosopher Mahdī Ḥāʾirī Yazdī re-evaluating Kant’s fundamental critique of the classical philosophical arguments for God’s existence, in particular of the ontological proof, and refuting the critique. On the other hand, an argument from creation brought forward by the Islamic Theologian and critic of the peripatetic tradition al-Ghazāli has been adopted by a strand of Western philosophers who label their own version “The Kalām-cosmological Argument”. By discussing important cornerstones in the history of the philosophical proof for God’s existence we argue for a re-consideration of current Eurocentric narratives in the history of philosophy and suggest that such a transcultural perspective may also provide inspiration for current philosophical discourses between Europe, the Middle East and beyond.

Al Fārūqī between the History of Religions and Islamic Theology

Numen ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 230-250
Author(s):  
Abdulkader Tayob
Keyword(s):  
Religious Studies ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of Religions ◽  
History Of ◽  
Truth Claims ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract Ismāʿīl Rājī al Fārūqī (1921–1986) played a considerable role in the academic study of Islam as it was developing in North America in the 1960s and 1970s. This paper is a critical examination of how he employed the categories of religion and religious studies in his scholarly, dialogical, and Islamist work. The paper follows his ideas of religious traditions, their truth claims, and ethical engagement in the world. For Al Fārūqī, these constituted the main foundations of all religions, and provided a distinctive approach to the study of religions. Al Fārūqī was critical of the then prevailing approaches, asserting that they were either too subjective or too reductionist. He offered an approach to the study of religions based on a Kantian approach to values. Al Fārūqī’s method and theory, however, could not escape the bias and prejudice that he tried to avoid. Following his arguments, I show that his reflections on religion and its systematic study in academia charted an approach to religions, but also provided a language for a particular Islamic theology that delegitimized other approaches, particularly experiential ones, in modern Islam.

Morocco and the near East: Reflections on some basic differences

1969 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edmund Burke
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Critical Examination ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Sociological Study ◽  
Eastern Culture ◽  
Culture Area ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Different Parts

The comparative sociological study of the countries of the Middle Eastern culture area for the nineteenth century can scarcely be said to have begun. But such studies can do much to help us come to a more precise estimate of the functions which particular institutions might fill, and the weight they could be required to bear in different parts of the Middle East during the critical period of the onset of modernization. It is the purpose of this article to begin to make some of the kinds of distinctions which set off different parts of the Middle East one from another, using the case of late nineteenth century Morocco. It is hoped that the analysis which follows will stimulate the same kind of critical examination of the institutions of other segments of the Middle East culture area. Even if it does not accomplish this objective, such an exercise may be useful if in studying the Moroccan modifications of some of these basic institutions, it can shed light on why Morocco was significantly different and therefore perhaps on the nature of these institutions themselves.

scholarly journals “Certainly Getting About the World”: New Zealanders’ Experience of the Middle East as a Place During the Second World War

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh King
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Holy Land ◽  
World War ◽  
The One ◽  
Second World ◽  
New Zealanders

New Zealand’s longest and most important campaign of the Second World War was in the Middle East. When New Zealand’s Middle Eastern war is discussed, the focus is usually on combat and the lives of New Zealanders on the battlefield. The limited discussion of life behind the lines is dominated by a picture of racism, drunkenness and debauchery with its focal point in Cairo. This article uses primary sources, including diaries, letters and soldier publications, and focusses on how New Zealanders saw the Middle East as a place, through the lenses of the desert, the city, the Holy Land and the ancient world. An examination of these topics reveals a complex and rich picture of respect and loathing, delight and disgust, wonder and disillusionment. Such a picture shows that the one-dimensional understanding of racism and poor behaviour is an entirely inadequate representation of New Zealanders’ Middle Eastern war.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Timur Tengah Terhadap Madrasah Al-Mashoor Al-Islamiah

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Dzulfahmi Muhamad
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Education System ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Teaching Staff ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Magazine Publishing

Middle Eastern influences play an important role in the Madrasah al-Mashoor al-Islamiah in Penang Islamic education system and is a major factor madrasah education system is growing rapidly. Effect of the Middle East, especially from Egypt and Makkah in the development of Islamic education in Malaya who have contributed to the realization of the Malay Muslim sociopolitical effects of the Islah movement in the Middle East in the field of education. This rapid development is due to the role taken by Syed Sheikh al-Hadi in bringing reforms in the education system, curriculum, teaching staff and in terms of magazine publishing. The main method in this study is the use of qualitative research methods based on primary and secondary sources. Primary sources such as private letters, books, souvenirs Madrasah al-Mashoor and resources in analyzing this approach to history. Secondary sources were used such as articles, journals, books, newspapers and theses. The study found that the influence of the Middle East proved to be one factor in the rapid development and the role of education in Madrasah al-Islam al-Islamiah Mashoor. This effect has also caused Madrasah al-Mashoor al-Islamiah become famous and be a focal point for students in the Malay Archipelago for their studies.

scholarly journals METODE PEMBENTUKAN KEPRIBADIAN ISLAMI MENURUT SYAIKH TAQIYUDDIN AN-NABHANI

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 279
Author(s):  
Gus Din El-Haq ◽  
Iwandi Iwandi
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Teaching Process ◽  
Islamic Theology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Islamic Faith

Syaksiyah Islamiyah is an Islamic Personality. In Muslim scientific literature, the concept of Islamic personality has not been widely developed by Muslim scientific thinkers themselves, so this affects the difficulty of applying Islamic personality and methods of formation. Based on this, this paper contains the thoughts of Muslim leader Syaikh Taqiyuddin An-Nabhani about his views and ideas on the concept of Islamic personality and its method of formation. Islamic personality is formed by Islamic aqliyah and nafsiyah Islam. With the method of instilling Islamic aqeedah and tsaqofah Islam and habituation to always be bound by syara law '. Thus, the formation of Islamic personality is done by means of first compiling a curriculum based on Islamic faith, second, making Islamic theology as the basis of the subject matter, and third using the method of talaqqiyan fikriyan in the teaching process.

scholarly journals SECULAR ROOTS OF RELIGIOUS RAGE: SHAPING RELIGIOUS IDENTITY IN THE MIDDLE EAST

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-196
Author(s):  
Philip W. Barker ◽  
William J. Muck
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Religious Identity ◽  
Focal Point ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Religious Conflict ◽  
Mass Mobilization ◽  
Religious Conflicts ◽  
Political Economic

In historic cases of religious conflict, religion was not necessarily the original source of the conflict, but was eventually established as the focal point around which individuals defined their identity. Although the differences between the two groups may have been numerous (political, economic, cultural, etc.), religion provided the easiest and most prominently accessible tool for mass mobilization and identity differentiation. Once this shift occurs, the religious identities become so salient that all future interactions tend to be defined along religious lines, which in turn lends itself to intractability. This paper draws parallels between previous intractable religious conflicts and the current developing conflict between the United States and the Islamic world. Although the United States has made a concerted effort to declare a war on “terror” and not Islam, the perceived threat associated with current U.S. foreign policy behavior is encouraging the redefinition of Middle Eastern identity in Islamic terms and creating the possibility of intractable religious conflict on a global scale. Consequently, while many within the region may not have initially seen this conflict along religious lines, Islam has provided the most prominent and convenient form for articulating their frustrations.

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