Speed, Accuracy, and Efficiency of Judgements of Coincidence between Speech Acts and Auditory Perception during a Delayed Auditory Feedback Paradigm: A Behavioral Study in Patients with Schizophrenia

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-191
Author(s):  
Daniela Hubl ◽  
Nicolas Moor ◽  
Jochen Kindler ◽  
Mara Kottlow ◽  
Thomas Dierks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Delayed Auditory Feedback ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Time Accuracy ◽  
First Rank Symptoms ◽  
Speed Accuracy

The inability to differentiate between one’s actions and their consequences from sensory inputs originating from an alien source might cause classical first-rank symptoms in schizophrenia, such as audio-verbal hallucinations (AVH). We aimed to determine whether patients with or without AVH perform differently in a task challenging the audio-verbal self-monitoring system compared to controls. Controls (n = 21) and schizophrenia patients with (AH, n = 11) and without AVH (NH, n = 9) participated. Subjects had to discern whether they heard a sound they had just uttered with or without delay. Reaction time, accuracy as well as sensitivity and response bias were compared between groups. There were no group effects in reaction time. Controls were significantly more accurate in the detection of delays compared to AH and to NH. However, the most salient observation was that these deficits were not uniformly present, but were selectively elicited by the delay, reducing patients’ response accuracy to chance level. The analysis of the data based on signal detection theory revealed a significant drop in sensitivity in both patient groups compared to the controls, and a response bias: Particularly the patients with AVH seemed to be biased not to consider a delay, rather than falsely signaling a delay. Such a deficit may blur the distinction between external events and self-initiated actions, thus eventually interfering with the patients’ sense of agency.

Verbal self-monitoring and auditory verbal hallucinations in patients with schizophrenia

2001 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-715 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. JOHNS ◽  
S. ROSSELL ◽  
C. FRITH ◽  
F. AHMAD ◽  
D. HEMSLEY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Reading Aloud ◽  
Verbal Material ◽  
Button Press ◽  
Self Monitoring ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
Response Choice ◽  
Impaired Awareness ◽  
Patient Groups

Background. Contemporary cognitive models of auditory verbal hallucinations propose that they arise through defective self-monitoring. We used a paradigm that engages verbal self-monitoring to investigate this theory in patients with schizophrenia.Methods. Ten patients with auditory verbal hallucinations and delusions (hallucinators), eight patients with delusions but no hallucinations (non-hallucinators), and 20 non-psychiatric control subjects were tested. Participants read single adjectives aloud, under the following randomized conditions: reading aloud; reading aloud with acoustic distortion of their own voice; reading aloud with alien feedback (someone else's voice); and reading aloud with distorted alien feedback. Immediately after articulating each word, participants identified the source of the speech they heard (‘self’/‘other’/‘unsure’), via a button press. Response choice and reaction time were recorded.Results. When reading aloud with distorted feedback of their own voice, patients in both groups made more errors than controls; they either misidentified its source or were unsure. Hallucinators were particularly prone to misattributing their distorted voice to someone else, and were more likely to make errors when the words presented were derogatory. Both patient groups made faster decisions than controls about the source of distorted or alien speech, but faster responses were only associated with errors in the former condition.Conclusions. Impaired verbal self-monitoring was evident in both hallucinators and non-hallucinators. As both groups had delusions, the results suggest an association between delusions and impaired judgements about ambiguous sensory stimuli. The specific tendency of hallucinators to misattribute their distorted voice to someone else may reflect impaired awareness of internally generated verbal material.

scholarly journals Age-related decline in function of ON and OFF visual pathways

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amithavikram R Hathibelagal ◽  
Vishal Prajapati ◽  
Indrani Jayagopi ◽  
Subhadra Jalali ◽  
Shonraj Ballae Ganeshrao
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Visual Pathways ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Normative Database ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Pathway Function ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Time Accuracy ◽  
Speed Accuracy

AbstractPurposeSimple psychophysical paradigm is available as a digital application in iOS devices such as iPad to measure the function of ON and OFF visual pathways. However, an age-matched normative database is not readily available. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the response of ON and OFF visual pathways as a function of age.Methods158 normal healthy adults (84 males and 74 females) whose age ranged 18-80 years participated in the study. None of them had any ocular disease (except cataract of grade II or less) and visual acuity of ≤ 20/25. Monocular testing (only one eye) was performed on the ‘EyeSpeed’ application on an iPad at 40cm distance. The targets ranged between 1 to 3 light or dark squares presented randomly in a noise background and participants responded by indicating the number of squares by touching the screen as fast as possible. The main outcome variables are reaction time, accuracy and performance index (1 / speed * accuracy).ResultsThe median reaction time was shorter (Median (IQR): 1.53s (0.49) [dark] Vs 1.76s (0.58) [light], p < 0.001) and accuracy was higher (97.21% (3.30) [dark] Vs 95.15% (5.10) [light], p < 0.001) for dark targets than the light targets. Performance index and reaction time for both target types significantly correlated with age (ρ = −0.41 to −0.43; p < 0.001).ConclusionsThis normative database will be useful to quantify disease-specific defects. More importantly, the ON pathway function can potentially serve as a surrogate for rod photoreceptor function.

Neuroticism and Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff in Self-Paced Speeded Mental Addition and Comparison

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 130-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hagen C. Flehmig ◽  
Michael B. Steinborn ◽  
Karl Westhoff ◽  
Robert Langner
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Speed ◽  
Time Variability ◽  
Reaction Time Variability ◽  
Comparison Task ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Mental Addition ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

Previous research suggests a relationship between neuroticism (N) and the speed-accuracy tradeoff in speeded performance: High-N individuals were observed performing less efficiently than low-N individuals and compensatorily overemphasizing response speed at the expense of accuracy. This study examined N-related performance differences in the serial mental addition and comparison task (SMACT) in 99 individuals, comparing several performance measures (i.e., response speed, accuracy, and variability), retest reliability, and practice effects. N was negatively correlated with mean reaction time but positively correlated with error percentage, indicating that high-N individuals tended to be faster but less accurate in their performance than low-N individuals. The strengthening of the relationship after practice demonstrated the reliability of the findings. There was, however, no relationship between N and distractibility (assessed via measures of reaction time variability). Our main findings are in line with the processing efficiency theory, extending the relationship between N and working style to sustained self-paced speeded mental addition.

Alcohol and Speed-Accuracy Tradeoff

1979 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 433-443 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. H. RUNDELL ◽  
HAROLD L. WILLIAMS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Discrimination Task ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pitch Discrimination ◽  
Alcohol Dose ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff ◽  
And Task

Performance on two auditory choice reaction time (RT) tasks was studied in a group of 12 subjects under the influence of graded doses of ethyl alcohol ranging from placebo to 1 g/kg body weight. Deadline procedures were employed in a side discrimination and a pitch discrimination task to permit the calculation of speed-accuracy tradeoff functions (accuracy versus RT). Accuracy declined as a function of dose, but alcohol did not significantly influence RT. Conversely, accuracy was not affected by task; but the pitch discrimination task required an average of 88 ms more time than the side task. Alcohol dose and task produced independent effects on the speed-accuracy tradeoff function. As dose increased, the slope of the tradeoff function declined; but slopes were equivalent for the two tasks. On the other hand, the x-intercept (where accuracy equals chance levels) was 90 ms greater for the pitch task than for the side task.

scholarly journals Is there a dysexecutive syndrome?

2007 ◽  
Vol 362 (1481) ◽  
pp. 901-915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald T Stuss ◽  
Michael P Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Frontal Lobes ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Attentional Processes ◽  
Supervisory System ◽  
Task Setting ◽  
Patient Groups

The role of the frontal lobes has often been described as a ‘paradox’ or a ‘riddle’. Ascribed to this region has been the loftiest of functions (e.g. executive; seat of wisdom); others contested that the frontal lobes played no special role. There has also been controversy about the unity or diversity of functions related to the frontal lobes. Based on the analysis of the effects of lesions of the frontal lobes, we propose that there are discrete categories of functions within the frontal lobes, of which ‘executive’ functioning is one. Within the executive category, the data do not support the concept of an undifferentiated central executive/supervisory system. The results are better explained as impairments in a collection of anatomically and functionally independent but interrelated attentional control processes. Evidence for three separate frontal attentional processes is presented. For each process, we present an operational description, the data supporting the distinctiveness of each process and the evidence for impairments of each process after lesions in specific frontal regions. These processes and their coarse frontal localizations are energization — superior medial , task setting — left lateral and monitoring — right lateral . The strength of the findings lies in replication: across different tasks; across different cognitive modalities (e.g. reaction time paradigms, memory); and across different patient groups. This convergence minimizes the possibility that any of the findings are limited to a specific task or to a specific set of patients. Although distinct, these processes are flexibly assembled in response to context, complexity and intention over real time into different networks within the frontal regions and between frontal and posterior regions.

Perceptual versus response bias in discrete choice reaction time.

1970 ◽  
Vol 84 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Hawkins ◽  
Gerald B. Thomas ◽  
Kenneth B. Drury
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Discrete Choice ◽  
Choice Reaction Time

scholarly journals Inhibitory Top-Down Control Deficits in Schizophrenia With Auditory Verbal Hallucinations: A Go/NoGo Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaoling Sun ◽  
Yehua Fang ◽  
Yongyan Shi ◽  
Lifeng Wang ◽  
Xuemei Peng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Auditory Verbal Hallucinations ◽  
Parietal Area ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
P3 Amplitude

Objective: Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH), with unclear mechanisms, cause extreme distresses to schizophrenia patients. Deficits of inhibitory top-down control may be linked to AVH. Therefore, in this study, we focused on inhibitory top-down control in schizophrenia patients with AVH.Method: The present study recruited 40 schizophrenia patients, including 20 AVH patients and 20 non-AVH patients, and 23 healthy controls. We employed event-related potentials to investigate the N2 and P3 amplitude and latency differences among these participants during a Go/NoGo task.Results: Relative to healthy controls, the two patient groups observed longer reaction time (RT) and reduced accuracy. The two patient groups had smaller NoGo P3 amplitude than the healthy controls, and the AVH patients showed smaller NoGo P3 amplitude than the non-AVH patients. In all the groups, the parietal area showed smaller NoGo P3 than frontal and central areas. However, no significant difference was found in N2 and Go P3 amplitude between the three groups.Conclusions: AVH patients might have worse inhibitory top-down control, which might be involved in the occurrence of AVH. Hopefully, our results could enhance understanding of the pathology of AVH.

scholarly journals The influence of evidence volatility on choice, reaction time and confidence in a perceptual decision

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariel Zylberberg ◽  
Christopher R Fetsch ◽  
Michael N Shadlen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Stimulus Strength ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Perceptual Decision ◽  
Evidence Accumulation ◽  
Decision Speed ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Many decisions are thought to arise via the accumulation of noisy evidence to a threshold or bound. In perception, the mechanism explains the effect of stimulus strength, characterized by signal-to-noise ratio, on decision speed, accuracy and confidence. It also makes intriguing predictions about the noise itself. An increase in noise should lead to faster decisions, reduced accuracy and, paradoxically, higher confidence. To test these predictions, we introduce a novel sensory manipulation that mimics the addition of unbiased noise to motion-selective regions of visual cortex, which we verified with neuronal recordings from macaque areas MT/MST. For both humans and monkeys, increasing the noise induced faster decisions and greater confidence over a range of stimuli for which accuracy was minimally impaired. The magnitude of the effects was in agreement with predictions of a bounded evidence accumulation model.

scholarly journals Are there Any Differences in Simple and Random Choice Motor Task Performance between Young and Middle-Aged Adults?

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (90) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima Solianik ◽  
Vaida Aleknavičiūtė ◽  
Albertas Skurvydas ◽  
Marius Brazaitis
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Motor Task ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Maximal Velocity ◽  
Middle Aged ◽  
Random Choice ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Aged Subjects ◽  
Speed Accuracy

Research background and hypothesis. Most studies are based on elderly subjects’ results, so there is a need to explore if motor performance changes begin in the middle age. We hypothesize that (i) middle-aged subjects use “play it safe” strategy, which depends on the type of tasks (simple vs. random choice); (ii) middle-aged subjects will show higher intra-individual performance variability compared to young adults, furthermore, simple task will show  lower performance variability.Research aim was to establish if there were any movement performance differences during simple and random  choice motor task performance between young and middle-aged adults.Research methods. Middle-aged and young adults performed two speed-accuracy tasks. During simple task  participants had to reach the same target which appeared in the same place and during random choice task the target  appeared randomly in one of the three different places.Research results. Data showed that middle-aged group had slower (p < 0.05) reaction time and maximal velocity,  whereas movement path length was more accurate (p < 0.05) than that in the young adult group. Comparing different  tasks it was observed that during simple task reaction time was faster (p < 0.05) than in the random choice task in  both groups. Intra-individual variability of reaction time and maximal velocity was higher (p < 0.05) in the middle-aged group, whereas no changes were observed between different tasks.Discussion  and  conclusion.  Motor  performance  strategy  “play  it  safe”  is  already  observed  for  the  middle- aged population: they decrease maximal velocity and reaction time in order to make movement more accurate.  Additionally, they demonstrate task-independent higher intra-individual variability of reaction time and maximal  velocity showing changes in CNS integrity compared to young adults.Keywords: aging, speed-accuracy tasks, intra-individual variability.

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