scholarly journals The Curious Incident of Attention in Multisensory Integration: Bottom-up vs. Top-down

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 557-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emiliano Macaluso ◽  
Uta Noppeney ◽  
Durk Talsma ◽  
Tiziana Vercillo ◽  
Jess Hartcher-O’Brien ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prior Knowledge ◽  
Multisensory Integration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Stimulus Properties ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Current Task ◽  
The One

The role attention plays in our experience of a coherent, multisensory world is still controversial. On the one hand, a subset of inputs may be selected for detailed processing and multisensory integration in a top-down manner, i.e., guidance of multisensory integration by attention. On the other hand, stimuli may be integrated in a bottom-up fashion according to low-level properties such as spatial coincidence, thereby capturing attention. Moreover, attention itself is multifaceted and can be describedviaboth top-down and bottom-up mechanisms. Thus, the interaction between attention and multisensory integration is complex and situation-dependent. The authors of this opinion paper are researchers who have contributed to this discussion from behavioural, computational and neurophysiological perspectives. We posed a series of questions, the goal of which was to illustrate the interplay between bottom-up and top-down processes in various multisensory scenarios in order to clarify the standpoint taken by each author and with the hope of reaching a consensus. Although divergence of viewpoint emerges in the current responses, there is also considerable overlap: In general, it can be concluded that the amount of influence that attention exerts on MSI depends on the current task as well as prior knowledge and expectations of the observer. Moreover stimulus properties such as the reliability and salience also determine how open the processing is to influences of attention.

A space for identity: the case of Lebanon’s naturalised Palestinians

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hind Ghandour
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
National Belonging ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Paradigmatic Shift ◽  
Naturalized Citizens ◽  
National Discourses ◽  
The One

This chapter examines a segment of Palestinians who were granted citizenship in Lebanon through a process of tawtin, a naturalization strategy underpinned by notions of national belonging and identity. It draws upon interviews and observations with naturalized citizens and refugees to illustrate and reveal patterns of citizenship practice that challenge national discourses of tawtin, and suggest the emergence of a paradigm that posits citizenship-as-rights, and not identity.  Despite the dichotomous discourse that posits Palestinian identity in dialectic to citizenship, naturalized Palestinians constructed dynamic spaces for both to exist, somewhat harmoniously. Despite the globalization of human rights and the rise of universal personhood, access to rights remains inextricably bound and dependent upon access to citizenship. Analyses of citizenship practice remains, for the most part, conscripted to frameworks that posit citizenship-as identity on the one hand, and the subsequent emergence of citizenship-as-rights on the other. Belying these existing frameworks is a negotiation and re-negotiation of citizenship by individuals that inherently challenges them from within. This necessitates a paradigmatic shift from the top-down lens within which tawtin of Palestinians in Lebanon is presented, towards a bottom-up approach that explores the individuals’ agency in its conceptualization. 

Processing Speed in the Motion-Induction Effect

Perception ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael von Grünau ◽  
Zeina Saikali ◽  
Jocelyn Faubert
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Processing ◽  
Induction Effect ◽  
Illusory Motion ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Differential Processing ◽  
Gradient Direction ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

The motion-induction effect, where an illusory motion is perceived within a bar when it is shown next to a spot presented slightly earlier, was studied with respect to the idea that it is based on differential processing speeds between the two ends of the bar. First, by using just a bar with a luminance gradient, the existence of a motion illusion (gradient motion) within such a bar was demonstrated, presumably due to the different processing speeds of differential luminances. When such a bar was used in the motion-induction effect, it was shown to modulate, for short delays, the strength of the effect up or down, according to the direction of the gradient with respect to the position of the spot. When the same bar was used in the double-motion-induction effect (split priming), in which motion is usually away from the later spot, it totally determined the perceived direction of illusory motion, independently of gradient direction with respect to the later spot or the time between the two spots. These results demonstrate, on the one hand, that differential local processing speed is a likely mechanism to underlie the motion-induction effect. On the other hand, they also suggest the involvement of other more global (and perhaps top—down) processes.

What Can Predictive Processing Tell Us about the Content of Perceptual Experience?

2021 ◽  
pp. 174-190
Author(s):  
Sam Wilkinson
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Processing Framework

This chapter explores the consequences that the predictive processing framework has for the debate concerning what can enter into the content of perceptual experience. Within this debate, there are those who, on the one hand, are ‘conservatives’, claiming that only ‘low-level’ properties enter into the content of perceptual experience, while there are those who, on the other hand, are more ‘liberal’ and allow ‘higher-level’ properties. One recently expressed view is that the predictive processing framework dispenses with, or dissolves, the debate altogether. This chapter argues against this in favour of the view that predictive processing in fact supports liberalism. It defends this position against four illustrative objections.

From the global corruption paradigm to the study of informal practices: outsiders vs. insiders

2014 ◽  
pp. 118-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barsukova ◽  
A. Ledeneva
Keyword(s):  
Local Knowledge ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
The Other ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Informal Practices ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of

The article compares two approaches to the analysis of corruption: the global corruption paradigm — a downstream view on corruption promoted by international organisations and policy makers, the socalled outsiders, and the analysis of informal practices — an upstream, or bottom-up, perspective of insiders, which contextualises motives and meaning of corrupt practices. The global corruption paradigm rests on the premises that corruption can be defined, measured and controlled. Since the 1990s, data on corruption have been systematically collected and monitored, yet there has been little progress in combatting the phenomenon across the globe. Success cases are rare, and policy makers are increasingly dis-satisfied with existing indicators and approaches to anti-corruption policies. On the one hand, the paper articulates the critique of assumptions, preconceptions and methodology implicit in the prevailing corruption paradigm. We question the cultural and historical neutrality of the definition of corruption, problems with its measurement, and implications for policy-making. On the other hand, the paper argues for the ‘disaggregation’ of the corruption paradigm and the necessity to integrate local knowledge and insiders’ perspectives into corruption studies. The combination of the two approaches will provide for more effective ways of tackling the challenges of corruption, especially in endemically corrupt systems.

"Inescapable" Coherence and the Failure of the Novel-Symphony in the Finale of Mahler's Sixth

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 053-095 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Monahan
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Unique Form ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Minor Mode ◽  
The One ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Constituent Elements

Critics have long viewed Mahler's Sixth Symphony in A Minor (1904) as the composer's consummate essay in musical tragedy or negativity, one with deeply personal implications. Its enormous finale draws together materials from all the preceding movements and enacts a terrible conflict ending in failure. Yet few studies have looked beneath the work's bombastic rhetorical-expressive surface to explore how its negativity might be reflected in its tonal, formal, and thematic processes. This study sets out to link that negative expressivity to a breakdown of what Adorno called the "novelistic" character of Mahler's symphonies. For Adorno, Mahler pioneered a new, emancipatory symphonic idiom, one that liberated its musical materials from the dictates of preconceived formal totalities. Unlike the Classical symphony, where the parts exist for the sake of a symmetrical, tightly knit whole, the "novel-symphony" follows no predetermined path. Instead, it unfolds according to the dictates of its constituent elements, realizing its unique form from the "bottom up" rather than the "top down."Yet (as Adorno suggests) in the finale of the Sixth this integrating totality returns with a vengeance. We can read the movement as a clash between Adorno's novelistic and Classical paradigms, a showdown between the impulsive freedom of certain recalcitrant thematic elements on the one hand, and the increasingly punitive demands of rigid minor-mode sonata on the other. This drama--one that caricaturizes "classicism" itself as a repressive or stifling force--plays out on both formal and thematic levels. Several writers have noted the claustrophobic effect created by Mahler's incessant recycling of certain key motives, an "inescapable" coherence in which the organicist imperatives of the grand tradition themselves become corrupt and, ultimately, corrosive. As these generic, subthematic particles proliferate, the movement's "novelistic" themes--those seeking to subvert the strict sonata--are systematically denuded of the differentiating features and dissolved beyond recognition. In the end, the movement's infamously brutal minor-mode conclusion reveals itself to be the culmination of a musical plot spanning the entire movement, one that gathers its many details into an inexorably tragic narrative whole.

scholarly journals Некоторые особенности перевода мультипликационного фильма Маша и медведь на польский язык

2020 ◽  
Vol 171 ◽  
pp. 57-66
Author(s):  
Natalya Didenko
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
The Other ◽  
Visual Channel ◽  
Russian Culture ◽  
Acoustic Channel ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Animated Film ◽  
The One

Some properties of the Polish translation of the animated film Masha and the BearThe paper touches upon the issue of the translation into Polish of the animated film Masha and the Bear. As an audiovisual entity, the animations are characterised by polysemiotics. Therefore, four channels of information transfer were analysed: the verbal-acoustic channel, the verbal-visual channel, the acoustic-non-verbal channel and the visual-non-verbal channel. As a result of the study, it was shown that the animated film Masha and the Bear — as regards the visual-non-verbal and acoustic-non-verbal channels, can be characterised as highly reflecting the Russian culture. What was also observed was the transformation of the verbal-visual channel which — in translation — changes into the verbal-acoustic channel. This transformation resulted in the information excess noticed in translation. The verbal-acoustic channel is characterised, on the one hand, by the neutralisation of intertextual and Soviet elements and, on the other hand, by a low level of the naturalisation of the Polish translation.  Niektóre cechy przekładu filmu animowanego Masza i Niedźwiedź na język polskiArtykuł poświęcony jest tłumaczeniu filmu animowanego Masza i Niedźwiedź na język polski. Animacja, jako twór audiowizualny, charakteryzuje się polisemiotycznością. W związku z tym zostały zbadane cztery kanały przekazu informacji: werbalno-akustyczny, werbalno-wizualny, akustyczno-niewerbalny i wizualno-niewerbalny. Przeprowadzone badanie wykazało, że animacja Masza i Niedźwiedź na płaszczyźnie wizulano-niewerbalnej oraz akustyczno-niewerbalnej w wysokim stopniu cechuje się przynależnością do rosyjskiej kultury. Zaobserwowano transformację kanału werbalno-wizualnego, który w przekładzie zmienia się w kanał werbalno-akustyczny. To przekształcenie skutkowało nadmiarem informacji w tłumaczeniu. Kanał werbalno-akustyczny charakteryzuje się, z jednej strony, neutralizacją elementów intertekstualnych i radzieckich, z drugiej — małym stopniem naturalizacji przekładu, czyli spolszczenia.

scholarly journals Study of Relationships between Ceiling Smoke Leakage Rate and Evacuation Time in the Ward

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (24) ◽  
pp. 13280
Author(s):  
Shuo-Hong Liu ◽  
Ching-Yuan Lin ◽  
Ying-Ji Chuang
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Difference ◽  
Leakage Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Panel Size ◽  
Construction Methods ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Leakage Assessment

With reference to the requirements of CNS 15038 and testing principles, this study proposes a set of equipment for measuring the leakage volume of ceilings and provides detailed assembly specifications for future users. In this study, a total of 405 tests were conducted as part of a set of experiments for measuring the leakage volume of ceilings, using various ceiling materials, ceiling sizes, and construction methods, in conjunction with the principles of fluid mechanics, to propose a method for evaluating the leakage volume of ceilings of various sizes and materials. Two cases—bottom-up airflow and top-down airflow—were considered. According to our research findings, in the case of bottom-up airflow, the pressure difference, panel weight, and panel size were correlated with the leakage volume; the more significant the pressure difference, the larger the leakage volume; the heavier the panel weight, the more minor the leakage volume; and the larger the panel size, the more significant the leakage volume. On the other hand, in the case of top-down airflow, different leakage volumes were observed for different ceiling materials, even if the ceiling size was identical. On the other hand, when the ceiling material was the same, and the ceiling size was different, there was not a positive relationship between the leakage volume and a larger panel size; instead, the leakage volume observed for the largest panel was the smallest. Finally, in this study we propose a volumetric leakage assessment table for assessing a ceiling as a whole, which can be utilized by engineers in the future to calculate the smoke leakage value and to estimate the smoke fall time for ward escape designs.

scholarly journals Pitfalls of consensus-orientated dialogue: the German Islam Conference (Deutsche Islam Konferenz)

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Schirin Amir-Moazami
Keyword(s):  
Assistant Professor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Main Argument ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Rational Discourse ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Ongoing Dialogue

This article discusses one deliberative approach to dialogue as conceptualized by the philosopher Jürgen Habermas and brings this into a conversation with the current dialogue practice of the Deutsche Islam Konferenz (DIK) in Germany. This ongoing dialogue forum was initiated by the Ministry of the Interior in the autumn of 2006 in order to enact a structured conversation with Muslims and as a means of recognising them as ‘German Muslims’. My main argument is twofold. Focusing on Habermas’s ideal of dialogue as a consensus oriented rational discourse of equal citizens in non-hegemonic structures, I will argue, on the one hand, that much of the promise of the DIK to enact a dialogue with Muslims at eyelevel and to recognise them as equal citizens on the basis of the liberal-democratic order has not been fulfilled. With its top-down approach to Muslims as mere re-actors the DIK has so far turned out to be much more a governmental technique which aims at reshaping Muslims according to liberal/secular norms. On the other hand, I claim that although the DIK obviously runs counter to Habermas’s principles in many ways, it also shares and simultaneously lays bare the difficulties entailed in his consensus orientation, and, more importantly, in the secular bias of his approach.Schirin Amir-Moazai is Assistant Professor for Islam in Europe in the Department of Islamic Studies at Free University Berlin. Website: http://www.geschkult.fu-berlin.de/e/islamwiss/mitarbeiterinnen/professorinnen/Amir-Moazami/index.html.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document