Wood Anatomical features and chemical composition of Prosopis kuntzei from the paraguayan chaco

IAWA Journal ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gunthard Scholz ◽  
Elisabeth Windeisen ◽  
Falk Liebner ◽  
Ernst Bäucker ◽  
Claus-Thomas Bues
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Absorption Bands ◽  
Total Extract ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Heartwood Extractives ◽  
Uv Microspectrophotometry

Anatomical features for Prosopis kuntzei Harms were studied by light and scanning electron microscopy. The wood is mainly diffuse-porous with indistinct growth ring boundaries. Vessel diameter ranges between 11 to 193 μm. The thick-walled fibres average 1275 μm in length. Parenchyma bands are 66 to 1066 μm apart. Heartwood extractives were studied in the vessels, rays and part of the fibres by means of scanning UV microspectrophotometry. The pyrolitic lignin content is 30.7%. The percentage of polyphenolic compounds, such as flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins and proanthocyanidins, is comparatively high at 5.8%. Total extract contents were determined after organic solvent extractions (23.2%) and water extractions (24.9%). The FTIR spectroscopy showed nearly identical spectra for the methanol and water extracts, with characteristic absorption bands for aromatic substances at 1615 and 1520 cm-1. The spectrum of the acetone extract differs only due to an additional but distinct absorption in the carbonyl range at 1695 cm-1. GC/MS analyses revealed that in the acetone and methanol extracts, tetrahydroxy-flavan-3-ols (isomers of catechin and epicatechin) were the main constituents with a ratio of 25.3 and 27.6%.

Climate sensitivity of wood-anatomical features in a ring-porous oak (Quercusmacrocarpa)

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 639-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Woodcock
Keyword(s):  
Climate Sensitivity ◽  
Ring Width ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Regression Equation ◽  
Vessel Density ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Late Wood ◽  
Precipitation Characteristics ◽  
Bur Oak ◽  
Anatomical Characters

Anatomical characters of the early- and late-wood of individuals of a ring-porous oak (bur oak, Quercusmacrocarpa Michx.) growing in southeastern Nebraska display sensitivity to yearly variations in precipitation. Characteristics of the latewood increment (latewood vessel diameter and density) are closely related to ring width, with vessel diameter varying directly and vessel density varying inversely with ring width. Various analyses indicate that ring width appears to be a less direct climatic indicator than latewood vessel diameter in these trees. A regression equation incorporating latewood vessel diameter is used successfully to reconstruct precipitation over a 9-month period (October–June).

A new fossil wood of Peltophoroxylon (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae) from the El Palmar Formation (late Pleistocene), Entre Ríos, Argentina

IAWA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Soledad Ramos ◽  
Mariana Brea ◽  
Romina Pardo
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
First Record ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Axial Parenchyma ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Ray Parenchyma ◽  
Entre Rios

This paper describes the first record of Peltophoroxylon (Ramanujam) Müller-Stoll et Mädel 1967 from the late Pleistocene of Argentina. The fossil specimens were recovered from the Colonia Ayuí and Punta Viracho fossil localities of the El Palmar Formation, located in the middle part of the Uruguay Basin, eastern Argentina. The diagnostic features are: growth ring boundaries demarcated by marginal parenchyma, medium-sized vestured intervessel pits, vessel-ray parenchyma pits similar in size and shape to intervessel pits, vasicentric to lozenge type aliform axial parenchyma, biseriate (70%) and uniseriate (30%) homocellular rays, non-septate and septate fibers, and long chains (10+) of prismatic crystals in chambered axial parenchyma cells. These features suggest a relationship with Peltophorum (Vogel) Benth. (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). The vessel diameter and vessel density of the El Palmar woods are consistent with the temperate-warm, humid-semiarid climate inferred for this region during the late Pleistocene.

Heartwood extractives and lignin content of different larch species ( Larix sp.) and relationships to brown-rot decay-resistance

Trees ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 230-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Notburga Gierlinger ◽  
Dominique Jacques ◽  
Rupert Wimmer ◽  
Luc E. P�ques ◽  
Manfred Schwanninger
Keyword(s):  
Lignin Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Larch Species ◽  
Brown Rot Decay ◽  
Heartwood Extractives

The potentials and limitations of dicotyledonous wood anatomy for climatic reconstructions

Paleobiology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth A. Wheeler ◽  
Pieter Baas
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Northern Hemisphere ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Fossil Wood ◽  
Phylogenetic Significance ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Past Climate ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Conflicting Information

The incidences of selected features of dicotyledonous wood that are believed to be of ecologic and/or phylogenetic significance (distinct growth rings, narrow and wide vessel diameter, high and low vessel frequencies, scalariform perforations, tangential vessel arrangement, ring porosity, and helical wall thickenings) were plotted through time (Cretaceous–Recent). There are marked differences between the Cretaceous and Tertiary in the frequency of all wood anatomical features. Incidences of features that are associated with markedly seasonal climates in extant floras do not approach modern levels until the Neogene. Correlations of wood anatomical features with ecology do not appear to have been constant through time, because in the Cretaceous different features provide conflicting information about the climate. Throughout the Tertiary the southern hemisphere/tropical and the northern hemisphere/temperate regions differed in the incidences of ecologically significant features and these differences are similar to those in the Recent flora. Possibilities for reliably using dicotyledonous wood for climatic reconstructions appear restricted to the Tertiary and Quaternary. However, at present the fossil wood record for most epochs and regions is too limited to permit detailed reconstructions of their past climate.

Extraction and Purification of Polyphenolic Compounds Obtained from Hsian-Tsao (Mesona Procumbens Hemsl.)

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 1790-1795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Xian Huang ◽  
Ting Qiu ◽  
Xiao Cui Lin ◽  
Yan Xiang Wu
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Peroxidation ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Polyphenolic Compounds ◽  
Maximum Amount ◽  
Flavonol Glycoside ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Adsorption Column ◽  
Extraction And Purification ◽  
Polyphenolic Content ◽  
First Time

Extraction and purification of polyphenolic compounds from Hsian-tsao (Mesona procumbens Hemsl.) were investigated. The polyphenolic compounds were extracted by using acetone, ethanol or methanol at three different concentrations. The polyphenolic concentration and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation were determined. The results showed that, among solvents tested, 75% acetone solvent extracted a maximum amount of polyphenolic compounds from Hsian-tsao. The 75% acetone extract was purified further by AB-8 adsorption column chromatography and eight fractions, A~H, were obtained. Among eight fractions, Fraction E had the highest polyphenolic content and inhibition(76%). Moreover, Fraction E was separated into four polyphenolic compounds (1~4) by HPLC and each compound reached a purity of more than 98%. The structure of the compound was identified by LC-MS and NMR, and the compound-4 was determined to be astragalin (a flavonol glycoside) which was obtained from HT for the first time.

scholarly journals GROWTH-RING DISTINCTNESS AND BOUNDARY ANATOMY VARIABILITY IN TROPICAL TREES

IAWA Journal ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-S7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yegor Tarelkin ◽  
Claire Delvaux ◽  
Maaike De Ridder ◽  
Thomas El Berkani ◽  
Charles De Cannière ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Ring ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Tropical Trees ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Abrupt Changes ◽  
Variable Feature ◽  
Leaf Shedding

The phenomenon of distinct, absent or indistinct growth rings is a highly variable feature used for wood identification and a wide range of tree-ring studies. Causes for its variability are not yet fully understood. There is also a lack of consensus within the scientific community about how distinct and indistinct tree rings should be defined and classified. We use a selection of 103 Central African rainforest trees to analyse the anatomy of growth-ring boundaries of 103 Central African rainforest species and assessed the influence of the climate, tree organ and leaf shedding behaviour on growth-ring distinctness and anatomy. We observed a high variability of tree-ring boundaries anatomy and distinctness within and among individuals and species. Although, for some semi-deciduous species, higher incidence of distinct growth rings appears to be related with a more pronounced seasonal climate, no general trends are observed for the assembly of studied species. Growth rings are variable within individuals depending on the considered organ: trunks tend to show more distinct rings than branches. Growth-ring distinctness is difficult to implement as a trait to measure tree performance when only based on abrupt changes in fibre size and cell wall thickness. From the potential growth-ring markers identified in the IAWA list of hardwood features, those applying to vessel and parenchyma density and distended rays appear to be more useful in tropical trees than abruptly flattened latewood fibres or abrupt changes in vessel diameter.

Wood anatomy and conductivity in lianas, shrubs and trees of Bignoniaceae

IAWA Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 412-432
Author(s):  
Caian Souza Gerolamo ◽  
Veronica Angyalossy
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Growth Habit ◽  
Vessel Diameter ◽  
Lower Percentage ◽  
Hydraulic Efficiency ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Vessel Area ◽  
Water Conduction ◽  
Cambial Variants

This work compares potential xylem hydraulic efficiency among Bignoniaceae lianas, shrubs and trees. Five species from each growth habit were analysed to determine variance among habits based on quantitative and qualitative wood anatomical features. Potential hydraulic conductivity was calculated for each species in order to compare efficiency of water transport. Cambial variants are present in the Bignonieae tribe, as phloem wedges in lianas and phloem arcs in shrubs. Lianas present vessel dimorphism, quantitatively evidenced by the ratio of maximum by minimum vessel diameter of about 20, higher percentage of vessel area and lower percentage of fibres compared with the self-supporting species studied here. Potential hydraulic conductivity is higher in lianas due to the presence of wider vessels and it is hypothesised that the narrow vessels can function as back-up for water conduction when wider vessels are cavitated.

scholarly journals Anatomical features of bald cypress - exotic for meliorative afforestation

2019 ◽  
pp. 61-76
Author(s):  
Dusan Jokanovic ◽  
Nikolic Jokanovic ◽  
Aleksandar Andjelkovic ◽  
Katarina Lazarevic ◽  
Radoslav Lozjanin
Keyword(s):  
Growth Ring ◽  
Simple Equation ◽  
Stem Height ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bald Cypress ◽  
Cambial Age ◽  
Parenchyma Cells

The paper deals with height and density of woody rays per mm2 by bald cypress stems at two alluvial sites in Serbia (Veliko ratno ostrvo and Backa Palanka). Overall 6 stems (3 at one and 3 at another locality) were harvested. After that discs were made and they served for permanent anatomical preparations making. All necessary measurements were performed on these preparations. Inside each growth ring was selected 6 visible fields (3 at early- and 3 at latewood zone) and within all fields density of woody rays per mm2 was calculated. According to simple equation number of woody rays per mm2 was determined. As for height of woody rays, it was calculated by parenchyma cells counting. Researched bald cypress features were measured depending on 3 factors: cambial age, stem height and zone inside growth ring. As for relation between number and height of woody rays, there is obvious inverse - greater density of woody rays means they are shorter. The scope of the paper was to establish how height and number of woody rays per mm2 change depending on 3 observed factors - age, stem height and zone inside growth rings.

WOOD ANATOMY OF WOLLEMI PINE (WOLLEMIA NOBILIS, ARAUCARIACEAE)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.D. Heady ◽  
J.G. Banks ◽  
P.D. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Juvenile Wood ◽  
Growth Ring ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Anatomical Features ◽  
Bordered Pits ◽  
Parenchyma Cells ◽  
Helical Thickenings ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
First Time

The wood anatomy of the recently-discovered conifer Wollemia nobilis (Wollemi pine) is described for the first time. Its mature heartwood is light brown in colour and has an air dry density of 0.57 g /cm3. Growth ring boundaries are distinct and the transition from earlywood to latewood is gradual. Average tracheid length is ~ 3.4 mm. Bordered pits are one-, two- or three-seriate and the double and triple rows of pits are ‘alternate’. In the bordered pits there is a flat transition from torus to margo. A warty layer lines tracheid walls and pit cavity surfaces. Resin plugs are common in tracheids that are adjacent to rays. Helical thickenings and crassulae are absent. Rays are uniseriate, low, and are composed entirely of parenchyma cells whose walls are thin and unpitted. Cross-field pitting is ‘araucaroid’ and the number of pits per cross-field ranges from 3–11 (av. 7). Resin canals and axial parenchyma cells are absent. The differences between normal mature wood compared to compression and juvenile wood are consistent with those of most other conifer genera. The anatomical features of wood of W. nobilis strongly support its classification as a member of the Araucariaceae, but show no major differences that distinguish it as a monotypic genus. On the basis of its wood anatomy, it is not possible to state whether W. nobilis is more closely related to Agathis or to Araucaria.

THE HEARTWOOD EXTRACTIVES OF PINUS RESINOSA AIT•

1964 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Sato ◽  
E. Von Rudloff
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Pinus Resinosa ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Acetone Extract ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Trace Components ◽  
Heartwood Extractives

The acetone extract of red pine heartwood was found to contain mainly pinosylvin monomethyl ether, oleic, linoleic, dehydroabietic, and isopimaric acids, and triglycerides of unsaturated fatty acids. Smaller amounts of pinosylvin, β-sitosteryl esters, and benzoic acid were isolated. Palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, linoleic, pimaric, sandaracopimaric, abietic, neoabietic, vanillic, and three unidentified acids, as well as pinocembrin, vanillin, and eleven trace components were recorded by gas–liquid chromatography. A small amount of steam volatile oil, which may have taxonomic significance, was isolated. α-Pinene, β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, γ-terpinene, terpinolene, camphor, cis-p-menthan-8-ol, terpinen-4-ol, and α-terpineol were tentatively identified.Besides glucose and xylose, the methanol extract contained polylignan fractions similar to those which had been isolated previously from jack pine.

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