A Characterization Study to Indetify Antibactrial Effect of Ruta Graveolens (Hurb of Grace)

Most of rural people even today depend on plants for medicines. The use of complentary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become increasingly popular worldwide, such that an estimated 38% of American adults reported using a form of CAM in 2006. The study of herbal remedies is common because many diseases and infections are known to have been treated with natural medicinal plants throughout the history of humanity. Ruta graveolens is aromatic shrub belong to family rutaceae and is commonly known as rue, cultivated as ornamental and medicinal herb in gardens. Due to its cultural and medicinal value, rue has been introduced in various countries of North, Central and South America, China, India, Middle East and South Africa. This plant also contains glucoside rutin. The flavonoids are a part of primary chemical components of Ruta graveolens Linn. The most important analyzed flavonoids are rutin (quercetin-3-β- rutinoside) that belongs to flavonol glycoside. Quercetin is other major flavonoids found in Ruta graveolens and can also be obtained by rutin hydrolysis.

Simultaneous determination of ginkgolide A, B, C, bilobalide and rutin in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study

A reliable LC-MS/MS method for the determination of five bioactive constituents (bilobalide, BLL; ginkgolide A, GLA; ginkgolide B, GLB; ginkgolide C, GLC; rutin) of Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts (GBE) in rat plasma was established, fully validated and applied to an intragastric pharmacokinetic study of a preparation of GBE in rat. Samples were extracted with ethyl acetate. C18 column was selected as analytical column in this method. Mobile phase was water with 0.01% formic acid and acetonitrile. Quantification was performed in negative multiple-reaction monitoring mode. Matrix instability of terpene lactones was noticed and hydrochloric acid was used as a stabilizer. This method showed good precision and accuracy, recovery was reproducible and matrix effect was negligible. Among four terpene lactones, BLL had the highest exposure and the shortest terminal half-life, GLA and GLB had lower exposure and longer terminal half-life, the exposure of GLC was lowest and its terminal half-life was the maximum, and all of them showed rapid absorption. This study provides a reference for determination of terpene lactones and flavonol glycoside prototypes in GBE and offers pharmacokinetic data of flavonol glycoside prototype in GBE.

FLAVONOL GLYCOSIDES FROM THE LEAVES OF FISSISTIGMA PALLENS (FIN. & GAGN.) MERR.

Using combined chromatographic methods, five flavonol glycoside compounds including: kaempferol 3-rutinoside (1), rutin (2), kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-galactopyranoside (3), isorhamnetin 3-robinobioside (4), and kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-galactopyranoside (5) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Fissistigma pallens (Fin. & Gagn.) Merr. Their chemical structures were determined using NMR spectra as well as in comparison with the reported data.

ORAL RUTIN SUSPENSION INTERVENE IN HEPATIC HYPERPLASIA IN RATS

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Rutin is a flavonol glycoside that can be found in a wide variety of vegetables and has activity, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effect of rutin oral administration on Wistar rats submitted to hepatic hyperplasia after partial hepatectomy (PH). METHODS: To achieve this, we considered the analysis of hepatic hyperplastic and plasma biochemical activity of Wistar rats, subjected to treatment with rutin 40 mg/kg/day for 10 days in group 1 (G1) or saline in group 2 (G2), followed by partial hepatectomy. RESULTS: The results indicated an increase in the number of mitoses after 24 hours and 48 hours (P=0.0022 and P=0.0152, respectively) of PH in the group that received rutin, as well as an increase in AST serum levels after 24 hours (P=0.0159) and 48 hours (P=0.0158) and alkaline phosphatase after 24 hours (P=0.015) in the same group, in relation to the respective controls. The group that received rutin showed a more evident variation than the control group when comparing the 24 hour and 48 hour results regarding AST, number of mitoses and number of apoptosis (P<0.005). CONCLUSION: It was concluded that rutin intervened in hepatic hyperplasia after 24 hours and 48 hours of PH, favoring hepatic hyperplasia.

The Mastic Tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) Leaves as Source of BACs: Effect of Growing Location, Phenological Stage and Extraction Solvent on Phenolic Content

Research background. Mastic tree (Pistacia lentiscus L.) of the Anacardiaceae family is an evergreen shrub from Mediterranean countries where it is used in traditional medicine. Analysis of P. lentiscus leaf, stem, fruit and root extracts showed high concentrations of principal groups of secondary metabolites (flavonoids, phenolic acids and tannins), suggesting the plant possesses great biological potential. Therefore, the aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of environmental parameters and the extraction solvent type on the concentration of phenols in mastic tree leaf extracts grown at four different locations along the Adriatic coast (Barbariga, Lun, Hvar and Vela Luka) during three phenological stages (early flowering, early fruiting and late fruiting). Experimental approach. Since mastic tree plant has phenolic compounds with different structures and chemical properties, ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with UV/Vis PDA detector. Phenolic compounds were identified by comparing the retention times and spectral data with those of standards at 280 and 340 nm. Results and conclusions. In all samples, phenolic acids and flavonol glycosides were quantified, while catechin was quantified only in methanolic extracts. The 5-O-galloylquinic acid was determined as a predominant phenolic compound in all samples followed by monogalloyl glucose, 3,5-di-O-galloylquinic acid, 3,4,5-tri-O-galloylquinic acid and gallic acid, respectively. Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside was found to be the predominant flavonol glycoside followed by myricetin-3-O-glucoside, myricetin-3-O-glucuronide, quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside and derivative of flavonol glycoside. The mass concentration of these compounds significantly varied during different phenological stages, at different growing locations and used extraction solvents. The highest phenolic mass concentration was determined in the samples harvested at Hvar growing location and extracted in 80 % methanol. The highest total phenolic acid mass concentration was obtained in the samples harvested during the flowering phenological stage and the highest total flavonoid mass concentration in the samples harvested during the early fruiting stage. Novelty and scientific contribution. The obtained data provide a better understanding of the P. lentiscus species phenolic concentration, which can lead to further investigations regarding the valorisation of mastic tree leaves as pharmaceutical products or as food products with added value.