Relationship among extractives, lignin and holocellulose contents with performance index of seven wood species used for bows of string instruments

In this paper we investigate the influence of extractives, lignin and holocellulose contents on performance index (PI) of seven woods used or tested for violin bows. Woods with higher values of this index (PI = √MOE/ρ, where MOE is modulus of elasticity and ρ is density) have a higher bending stiffness at a given mass, which can be related to bow wood quality. Extractive content was negatively correlated with PI in Caesalpinia echinata, Handroanthus sp. and Astronium lecointei. In C. echinata holocellulose was positively correlated with PI. These results need to be further explored with more samples and by testing additional wood properties. Although the chemical constituents could provide an indication of quality, it is not possible to establish appropriate woods for bows solely by examining their chemical constituents.

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Potential Brazilian wood species for bows of string instruments

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2010.068 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Eduardo Luiz Longui ◽

Daniel Romeu Lombardi ◽

Edenise Segala Alves

Keyword(s):

Specific Gravity ◽

Wood Species ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Dynamic Modulus ◽

Sound Propagation ◽

Raw Material ◽

Professional Musicians ◽

String Instruments ◽

Dynamic Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Caesalpinia Echinata

Abstract Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (pau-brasil) is a Brazilian tree with symbolic character for Brazilian forestry, which is at risk of extinction because of illegal logging activities and exportation as raw material for bows of string instruments. Additional studies are required to select substitutes for pau-brasil, i.e., other wood species are being sought with potentially suitable characteristics for bow manufacture. The present paper is dedicated to the evaluation of six native Brazilian woods by comparing their anatomical features, specific gravity, speed of sound propagation, and dynamic modulus of elasticity in relation to the corresponding properties of C. echinata that are considered as standard for bow manufacture. The results showed that length, diameter, lumen diameter, and wall thickness of fibers are the most important variables contributing to specific gravity. Additionally, ray dimensions influenced sonic velocity. The values of dynamic modulus of elasticity are directly related to dimensions of rays and fibers. Among the six woods included in this study, Dipteryx spp., Handroanthus spp., and Hymenaea spp. were considered as the best alternatives to C. echinata wood as sources of bow construction. The bows from the first two woods were already tested by professional musicians and their suitability was certified. The Diplotropis spp. wood also showed promising characteristics. Mezilaurus itauba and Astronium lecointei do not have the necessary properties for bows.

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Genetic relationships between wood quality traits and diameter growth of juvenile core wood in Sitka spruce

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/cjfr-2012-0308 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

S.G. Kennedy ◽

A.D. Cameron ◽

S.J. Lee

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Genetic Correlation ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Genetic Relationships ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Sitka Spruce ◽

Acoustic Velocity ◽

Picea Sitchensis ◽

Good Growth

The trend towards shorter rotations in planted conifer stands has resulted in a reduction in the proportion of mature wood relative to juvenile core wood, raising concerns that the mechanical performance of sawn battens will be affected. The potential to improve the wood quality of the juvenile core of Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carrière) without compromising growth rate was investigated. Rapid and inexpensive indirect methods of assessing wood properties on standing trees using a Pilodyn gun and acoustic velocity were compared with direct measurements made on wood samples cut from the juvenile core. Strong genetic correlations were observed between Pilodyn gun values and direct measures of density (–0.76) and between the square of acoustic velocity and modulus of elasticity (0.73). The genetic correlation between the square of acoustic velocity and microfibril angle was also strong (–0.84). These results suggest that indirect assessments of wood properties within juvenile core wood are sufficiently reliable for these techniques to be used in the Sitka spruce breeding programme. Although a strong negative genetic correlation between diameter at breast height and density was noted (–0.79), sufficient variation exists within the breeding population to select families with both good growth rate and high modulus of elasticity wood.

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Genotypic variation in the basic density, dynamic modulus of elasticity and tracheid traits of Pinus elliottii in three progeny trials in southern China

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2019-0046 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Meng Lai ◽

Leiming Dong ◽

Chunhui Leng ◽

Lu Zhang ◽

Min Yi

Keyword(s):

Genetic Correlation ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Dynamic Modulus ◽

Southern China ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Basic Density ◽

Pinus Elliottii ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Correlated Response ◽

Dynamic Modulus Of Elasticity

AbstractA firm understanding of the genetic relationships among wood properties is a prerequisite for breeding for higher wood quality in Pinus elliottii families. To examine and deal with such relationships, increment cores were sampled at breast height from 1260 trees in 42 open-pollinated families in three 27-year-old Slash pine progeny trials in southern China, and genetic variation, genotype-by-environment (G × E) interaction, genetic correlation and correlated response were investigated. The basic density (BD), dynamic modulus of elasticity (MOED) and tracheid traits were found to be under moderate to strong genetic control for the three locations combined, with individual narrow-sense and family mean heritability ranging from 0.28 to 0.44 and 0.52 to 0.69, respectively. Type B genetic correlation estimates indicated that the G × E interaction had a small-level influence on wood properties. Strong genetic correlations (rg) were found between BD and MOED at the three sites (rg = 0.46–0.85), and BD or MOED showed moderate to strong correlations with most tracheid traits at specific localities. In tree breeding programs, one possible strategy would be to improve pulpwood quality and the strength of structural wood through selection for different wood quality traits.

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Inheritance of density, microfibril angle, and modulus of elasticity in juvenile wood of Pinus radiata at two locations in Australia

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x07-061 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (11) ◽

pp. 2164-2174 ◽

Cited By ~ 51

Author(s):

Brian S. Baltunis ◽

Harry X. Wu ◽

Mike B. Powell

Keyword(s):

Genetic Correlation ◽

Pinus Radiata ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Juvenile Wood ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Genetic Correlations ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Quality Traits ◽

Selection For

A total of 1640 increment cores from 343 radiata pine ( Pinus radiata D. Don) families were sampled at two second-generation progeny trials, aged 6 and 7 years, for a detailed genetic study of juvenile wood quality traits. Density, microfibril angle (MFA), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) were determined from pith to bark using SilviScan® technology. Heritability was greatest for area-weighted density at the two sites (0.63 and 0.77, respectively), and the lowest for growth traits (<0.23). Genotype by environment interaction was low for all three wood quality traits. A positive genetic correlation between density and MOE (0.43), and a highly negative, and therefore, favourable genetic correlation between MFA and MOE (–0.92) were observed, implying that improvement of multiple juvenile wood properties is possible. The genetic correlations between whole-core wood quality traits and individual-ring measurements suggest that improvement for juvenile wood properties across the entire profile of the corewood including the innermost rings can be achieved. However, density, MFA, and MOE had unfavourable genetic correlations with diameter growth suggesting that selection for increased density and MOE, and reduced MFA in the absence of selection for growth will result in a genetic loss for growth rate.

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Characterization of the wood quality of pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata Lam) by measurements of density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness, color, and NIR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2009.082 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Laurence R. Schimleck ◽

Charles Espey ◽

Christian R. Mora ◽

Robert Evans ◽

Adam Taylor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Near Infrared ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Wood Property ◽

Nir Spectroscopy ◽

Principal Component ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Average Density ◽

Dry Density ◽

Caesalpinia Echinata

Abstract A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-3) and stiffness (25.2 GPa) and relatively low extractives content (21.2%) compared to samples in the very poor to poor category (density= 938 kg m-3, stiffness=18.9 GPa and extractives content=24.9%).

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Radial variation in pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata) wood properties

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-20170159 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 99-104

Author(s):

Laurence R. Schimleck ◽

Jorge Luis Monteiro de Matos ◽

Charles Espey

Keyword(s):

Management Practices ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Microfibril Angle ◽

Wood Property ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Average Density ◽

Radial Variation ◽

Raw Material ◽

Property Variation ◽

Caesalpinia Echinata

Caesalpinia echinata Lam. (pernambuco or pau-brasil) is recognized as the premier raw material for manufacturing stringed instrument bows. Several studies have identified properties considered important in determining the suitability of pernambuco wood for bow manufacture including density, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and, possibly, microfibril angle (MFA). No research has been conducted on how these properties vary within individual trees; however, an understanding of how pernambuco wood properties vary within trees is important as it may assist in the identification of trees or provenances most suited for the establishment of plantations, aid in developing an understanding of management practices on wood property variation for plantation-grown pernambuco and also facilitate the identification of regions within trees that possess optimal properties for bow manufacture. Radial variation in density, MFA and MOE was examined using SilviScan for three radial strips representing differing levels of wood quality in terms of perceived suitability for making high-quality bows. The lowest quality sample showed considerable radial variation compared to the higher quality samples for all properties and it also had the lowest average density. It was not possible to identify a strong pith to bark trend for any of the wood properties examined.

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Differences in wood properties among Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla with different degrees of ploidy

Research Society and Development ◽

10.33448/rsd-v10i16.24035 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (16) ◽

pp. e395101624035

Author(s):

Eduardo Luiz Longui ◽

Guilherme Henrique Custódio ◽

Erick Phelipe Amorim ◽

Francides Gomes da Silva Júnior ◽

Shinitiro Oda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Size ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Wood Quality ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽

Radial Pattern ◽

Anatomical Features ◽

Old Trees ◽

Chemical Contents

We compared the anatomy, density, chemical contents, and bioenergy values of Eucalyptus grandis and hybrids of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla wood originating from diploids, triploids and tetraploids. We hypothesize that Eucalyptus grandis and hybrids of Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla with different degrees of ploidy have variations as a result of different sets of chromosomes producing different phenotypic expressions and chemical constituents, such as variation in cell size and frequency, which would directly influence wood quality. Twenty-year-old trees were cut, eight for each ploidy: diploids and tetraploids are E. grandis; triploids are E. grandis x E. urophylla. We use standardized techniques. Our hypothesis was confirmed. Triploid and tetraploid trees presented wider trunks, taller trees with longer stems and wider crowns compared to diploid trees. Wood density showed significant radial variation only in diploids, while triploid and tetraploid trees were more homogeneous. In polyploid trees, the anatomical features did not clearly present a radial pattern. Triploid and tetraploid trees presented higher density wood than diploid trees. The chemical constituents varied from pith to bark in the three ploidies, but no differences between ploidies were found. For energy generation purposes, diploid and triploid trees are more desirable than tetraploid trees.

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Influence of Moisture Content in some Mechanical Properties of Two Brazilian Tropical Wood Species

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.42 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1025-1026 ◽

pp. 42-45 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Luiz A. Melgaço N. Branco ◽

Eduardo Chahud ◽

André Luis Christoforo ◽

Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr ◽

Rosane A.G. Battistelle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Moisture Content ◽

Analysis Of Variance ◽

Wood Species ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Modulus Of Rupture ◽

Tropical Wood ◽

Fiber Saturation ◽

Brazilian Standard

This study aimed, with the aid of analysis of variance (ANOVA), to investigate and quantify the influence of moisture ranging between 12% and over 30% (fiber saturation) on the mechanical properties: strength and modulus of elasticity in compression and in tension parallel to grain; modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity in static bending; shear strength parallel to grain considering wood species Ipê (Tabebuia sp) and Angelim Araroba (Vataireopsis araroba). Tests were performed according to the assumptions and calculating methods Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190, Anexx B, totalizing 400 tests. Results of ANOVA revealed a significant reduction (16% on average) for mechanical properties wood due to the increase in moisture content from 12% to over 30% (fiber saturation). The same behavior also occurred when assembly containing the two species was considered.

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Evaluation of Longitudinal Modulus of Elasticity in Wood Species for Structural Application

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1025-1026.192 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1025-1026 ◽

pp. 192-195

Author(s):

Eduardo Chahud ◽

Luiz Antônio Melgaço Nunes Branco ◽

André Luis Christoforo ◽

Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr ◽

Rosane Aparecida Gomes Battistelle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wood Species ◽

Modulus Of Elasticity ◽

Mechanical Test ◽

Font Size ◽

Bending Tests ◽

Structural Application ◽

Longitudinal Elastic Modulus ◽

Longitudinal Modulus ◽

Dipteryx Odorata ◽

Brazilian Standard

1024x768 This research aimed to investigate possible differences in values of longitudinal modulus of elasticity for wood species usually employed for structural purposes, as Castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa), Cambará (Erisma uncinatum), Cumaru (Dipteryx odorata), Jatobá (Hymenaea stilbocarpa), Garapa (Apuleia leiocarpa) and Peroba Rosa (Aspidosperma polyneuron), obtained from compression and tension parallel to grain, and static bending tests. Recommendations of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190:1997, Annex B, were followed. Statistical analysis results for the cited properties, had equivalent averages for the six wood species analyzed. This confirms that any of the three tests can be used to obtain the longitudinal elastic modulus and which could avoid the necessity of evaluating stiffness values for wood by more than one kind of mechanical test. Normal 0 21 false false false PT-BR X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tabela normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-qformat:yes; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}

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