Analog and Digital Windowing of Attention in Language, Visual Perception, and the Brain

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt Stocker ◽  
Bruno Laeng
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Visual Perception ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Temporal Cognition ◽  
Linguistic Evidence ◽  
The Brain

This article theoretically bridges findings of linguistics, of visual perception, and of brain studies to generate novel interdisciplinary research ideas for attention. Specifically, this article lays out striking parallels of the windowing (scope) of attention in spatial cognition underlying language (as outlined by Talmy) and in spatial cognition underlying visual perception (as outlined by Laeng and colleagues). In both language and visual perception one finds analog windowing of attention and two basic forms of digital windowing of attention, one-portion windowing and two-portions split windowing. Additionally, linguistic evidence is provided that all basic attention-windowing types found in spatial cognition underlying language are also metaphorically mapped from spatial to temporal cognition—albeit there is some cross-cultural variation showing that not all time windowing types are found in all languages. Furthermore, analog and digital windowing is placed in the context of neural networks. Implications for future research are discussed.

The contribution of cross-cultural study to dynamic systems modeling of emotions

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-202
Author(s):  
Greg Downey
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Systems ◽  
Neural Plasticity ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Appraisal Theory ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Systems Model ◽  
Cross Cultural Study ◽  
Brain Sciences ◽  
Systems Models ◽  
The Brain

Lewis neglects cross-cultural data in his dynamic systems model of emotion, probably because appraisal theory disregards behavior and because anthropologists have not engaged discussions of neural plasticity in the brain sciences. Considering cultural variation in emotion-related behavior, such as grieving, indigenous descriptions of emotions, and alternative developmental regimens, such as sport, opens up avenues to test dynamic systems models.

Lying, Deception, and the Brain

2018 ◽  
pp. 82-92
Author(s):  
Alexa Decker ◽  
Amanda Disney ◽  
Brianna D'elia ◽  
Julian P. Keenan
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Human Evolution ◽  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Neural Substrates ◽  
Neural Correlates ◽  
Behavioral Phenotype ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Strong Emphasis ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Brain

Deception is a common behavioral phenotype across species. Homo sapiens deceive at an excessive rate and in a manner that is truly unique. While the neural correlates for deception are fairly well known, larger questions remain, such as when did these neural networks emerge, and did deception have anything to do with the emergence of these specific neural substrates? Furthermore, little is known about the neural substrates of self-deception and the evolution of these networks. The summary of our knowledge is presented, with a strong emphasis on the social and metacognitive pressures that deception has put on human evolution. Future research possibilities are also discussed.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural differences in visual perception

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Čeněk ◽  
Šašinka Čeněk
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Perceptual Field ◽  
East Asians ◽  
Object A ◽  
Cross Cultural Differences ◽  
Culturally Based ◽  
The World

According to recent cross-cultural studies there exist culturally based differences between visual perception and the related cognitive processes (attention, memory). According to current research, East Asians and Westerners percieve and think about the world in very different ways. Westerners are inclined to attend to some focal object (a salient object within a perception field that is relatively big in size, fast moving, colourful) focusing on and analyzing its attributes. East Asians on the other hand are more likely to attend to a broad perceptual field, noticing relationships and changes. In this paper we want to describe the recent findings in the field and propose some directions for future research.

Beyond self-help

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lacey N Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Linear Models ◽  
International Crime ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Crime Victimization ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Police Data ◽  
Lower Likelihood ◽  
Developed Nations

Many crime victims choose not to report their victimization to police or other formal authorities. However, understanding the nature of both reported and underreported crime is critical to proper allocation of criminal justice funding and resources. The present paper examines gun ownership as a potentially overlooked predictor of crime reporting, drawing on Black’s theory of self-help as social control. The present study tests whether the self-help orientation of gun owners is associated with a lower likelihood of reporting victimization to police. Data are drawn from the 2000 and 2004/5 waves of the International Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS). Hierarchical linear models are used to assess both individual variation and cross-cultural variation. Findings show that gun owners who own their weapons for reasons other than protection are more likely to report their victimization than non-owners. However, gun owners are less likely than non-owners to report their victimization in highly developed nations. Explanations for these findings and avenues for future research are discussed.

scholarly journals The Ontogeny of Kinship Categorization

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 152-177
Author(s):  
Alice Mitchell ◽  
Fiona M. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Variation ◽  
Cognitive Sciences ◽  
Rich Domain ◽  
Cultural Schemas ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cognitive Foundations ◽  
New Research

Abstract Human kinship systems play a central role in social organization, as anthropologists have long demonstrated. Much less is known about how cultural schemas of relatedness are transmitted across generations. How do children learn kinship concepts? To what extent is learning affected by known cross-cultural variation in how humans classify kin? This review draws on research in developmental psychology, linguistics, and anthropology to present our current understanding of the social and cognitive foundations of kinship categorization. Amid growing interest in kinship in the cognitive sciences, the paper aims to stimulate new research on the ontogeny of kinship categorization, a rich domain for studying the nexus of language, culture, and cognition. We introduce an interdisciplinary research toolkit to help streamline future research in this area.

Sex Differences in Cognition

2019 ◽  
pp. 41-66
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Hampson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Spatial Cognition ◽  
Sex Steroids ◽  
Cognitive Functions ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Human Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Organizational and activational effects of sex steroids were first discovered in laboratory animals, but these concepts extend to hormonal actions in the human central nervous system. This chapter begins with a brief overview of how sex steroids act in the brain and how the organizational-activational hypothesis originated in the field of endocrinology. It then reviews common methods used to study these effects in humans. Interestingly, certain cognitive functions appear to be subject to modification by sex steroids, and these endocrine influences may help explain the sex differences often seen in these functions. The chapter considers spatial cognition as a representative example because the spatial family of functions has received the most study by researchers interested in the biological roots of sex differences in cognition. The chapter reviews evidence that supports an influence of both androgens and estrogens on spatial functions, and concludes with a glimpse of where the field is headed.

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