scholarly journals Effects of a Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stove and Continuous Fuel Distribution Intervention on Household Air Pollution Exposures and Cardiopulmonary Outcomes in Puno, Peru

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Checkley ◽  
K. Williams ◽  
J.L. Kephart ◽  
M. Fandino-Del-Rio ◽  
K. Steenland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Fuel Distribution ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Outcomes

scholarly journals Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esong Miranda Baame ◽  
André Pascal Goura ◽  
Bertrand Hugo Ngahane Mbatchou ◽  
Berenice Walage ◽  
Herman Styve Yomi Simo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health District ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional

Abstract Background: Household air pollution (HAP) is a recognised risk factor for many diseases, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular/circulatory disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes and cataracts. Population exposure to biomass fuels, including wood, varies among countries and from one fuel source to the other. This study aimed to investigate the different sources of HAP in peri-urban and rural communities in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of households from the Dschang Health District (DHD) region. This included 848 homes in which a range of fuels for cooking including biomass (firewood, charcoal, sawdust), kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were used both indoors and outdoors. Results: Of the study households, 651 (77%) reported exclusive use of firewood and 141 (17%) reported using more than one source of fuel. Exclusive use of firewood was greater in rural communities (94%) than in peri-urban communities (38%). In peri-urban communites, use of multiple fuels including LPG, wood, sawdust and kerosene, was more common (44.75%). A total of 25.03% of households in both peri-urban and rural communities reported using bottled gas (or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. Motivations for choice of fuel included, price, availability (easy access), rapidity, tradition or culture related factorsConclusion: Wood is the main cooking fuel in both peri-urban and rural communities in the Dschang Health District. Work to help households (especially those who are resource poor) to adopt LPG equipment for cooking, and use in a more exclusive way is required.

scholarly journals Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esong Miranda Baame ◽  
André Pascal Goura ◽  
Bertrand Hugo Ngahane Mbatchou ◽  
Berenice Walage ◽  
Herman Styve Yomi Simo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Health District ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background: Household air pollution (HAP) is a recognised risk factor for many diseases, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular/circulatory disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes and cataracts. Population exposure to biomass fuels, including wood, varies among countries and from one fuel source to the other. This study aimed to investigate the different sources of HAP in peri-urban and rural communities in Cameroon. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of households from the Dschang Health District (DHD) region. This included 848 homes in which a range of fuels for cooking including biomass (firewood, charcoal, sawdust), kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were used both indoors and outdoors. Results: Of the study households, 651 (77%) reported exclusive use of firewood and 141 (17%) reported using more than one source of fuel. Exclusive use of firewood was greater in rural communities (94%) than in peri-urban communities (38%). In peri-urban communites, use of multiple fuels including LPG, wood, sawdust and kerosene, was more common (44.75%). A total of 25.03% of households in both peri-urban and rural communities reported using bottled gas (or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. Motivations for choice of fuel included, price, availability (easy access), rapidity, tradition or culture related factorsConclusion: Wood is the main cooking fuel in both peri-urban and rural communities in the Dschang Health District. Work to help households (especially those who are resource poor) to adopt LPG equipment for cooking, and use in a more exclusive way is required.

scholarly journals Exposure contrasts of pregnant women during the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Johnson ◽  
Ajay Pillarisetti ◽  
Ricardo Piedrahita ◽  
Kalpana Balakrishnan ◽  
Jennifer L Peel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Life Years ◽  
The Impact

Background: Exposure to PM2.5 arising from solid fuel combustion is estimated to result in approximately 2.3 million premature deaths and 90 million lost disability-adjusted life years annually. 'Clean' cooking interventions attempting to mitigate this burden have had limited success in reducing exposures to levels that may yield improved health outcomes. Objectives: This paper reports exposure reductions achieved by a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) stove and fuel intervention for pregnant mothers in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) randomized controlled trial. Methods: The HAPIN trial included 3195 households primarily using biomass for cooking in Guatemala, India, Peru, and Rwanda. 24-hour exposures to PM2.5, carbon monoxide (CO), and black carbon (BC) were measured for pregnant women once before randomization into control (n=1605) and LPG arms (n=1590) and twice thereafter (aligned with trimester). Changes in exposure were estimated by directly comparing exposures between intervention and control arms and by using linear mixed-effect models to estimate the impact of the intervention on exposure levels. Results: Median exposures of PM2.5, BC, and CO post-randomization in the intervention arm were lower by 66% (70.7 versus 24.0 µg/m3), 71% (9.6 versus 2.8 µg/m3), and 83% (1.2 versus 0.2 ppm), respectively, compared to the control arm. Exposure reductions were similar across research locations. Post-intervention PM2.5 exposures in the intervention arm were at the lower end of what has been reported for LPG and other clean fuel interventions, with 69% of PM2.5 samples falling below the WHO Annual Interim Target 1 of 35 µg/m3. Discussion: This study indicates that an LPG intervention with high displacement of traditional cooking can reduce exposures to levels thought to be associated with health benefits. Success in reducing exposures was likely due to strong performance of, and high adherence to the intervention. Keywords (5-8): Liquefied petroleum gas, clean cooking, intervention, exposure assessment, PM2.5

scholarly journals Distribution of sources of household air pollution: a cross-sectional study in Cameroon.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esong Miranda Baame ◽  
André Pascal Goura ◽  
Bertrand Hugo Ngahane Mbatchou ◽  
Berenice Walage ◽  
Herman Styve Yomi Simo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Population Exposure ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Abstract Background: Household air pollution (HAP) is a recognised risk factor for many diseases, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular/circulatory disorders, adverse pregnancy outcomes and cataracts. Population exposure to biomass fuels, including wood, varies among countries and from one fuel source to the other. This study aimed to investigate the different sources of HAP in peri-urban and rural communities in Cameroon.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a representative sample of households from the Dschang Health District ( DHD) region. This included 848 homes in which a range of fuels for cooking including biomass (firewood, charcoal, sawdust), kerosene and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) were used both indoors and outdoors.Results: Of the study households, 651 (77%) reported exclusive use of firewood and 141 (17%) reported using more than one source of fuel. Exclusive use of firewood was greater in rural communities (94%) than in peri-urban communities (38%). In peri-urban communites, use of multiple fuels including LPG, wood, sawdust and kerosene, was more common (44.75%). A total of 25.03% of households in both peri-urban and rural communities reported using bottled gas (or liquified petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking. Motivations for choice of fuel included, price, availability (easy access), rapidity, tradition or culture related factors.Conclusions: Work to help households (especially those who are resource poor) to adopt LPG equipment for cooking, and use in a more exclusive way is required. Education could help address some of the concerns over the use of LPG.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of Gas and Chimney Biomass Stoves for Reducing Household Air Pollution Pregnancy Exposure in Guatemala: Sociodemographic Effect Modifiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (21) ◽  
pp. 7723
Author(s):  
Laura M. Grajeda ◽  
Lisa M. Thompson ◽  
William Arriaga ◽  
Eduardo Canuz ◽  
Saad B. Omer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
World Health ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Air Quality Guidelines

Household air pollution (HAP) due to solid fuel use during pregnancy is associated with adverse birth outcomes. The real-life effectiveness of clean cooking interventions has been disappointing overall yet variable, but the sociodemographic determinants are not well described. We measured personal 24-h PM2.5 (particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter) thrice in pregnant women (n = 218) gravimetrically with Teflon filter, impactor, and personal pump setups. To estimate the effectiveness of owning chimney and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) stoves (i.e., proportion of PM2.5 exposure that would be prevented) and to predict subject-specific typical exposures, we used linear mixed-effects models with log (PM2.5) as dependent variable and random intercept for subject. Median (IQR) personal PM2.5 in µg/m3 was 148 (90–249) for open fire, 78 (51–125) for chimney stove, and 55 (34–79) for LPG stoves. Adjusted effectiveness of LPG stoves was greater in women with ≥6 years of education (49% (95% CI: 34, 60)) versus <6 years (26% (95% CI: 5, 42)). In contrast, chimney stove adjusted effectiveness was greater in women with <6 years of education (50% (95% CI: 38, 60)), rural residence (46% (95% CI: 34, 55)) and lowest SES (socio-economic status) quartile (59% (95% CI: 45, 70)) than ≥6 years education (16% (95% CI: 22, 43)), urban (23% (95% CI: −164, 42)) and highest SES quartile (−44% (95% CI: −183, 27)), respectively. A minority of LPG stove owners (12%) and no chimney owner had typical exposure below World Health Organization Air Quality guidelines (35 μg/m3). Although having a cleaner stove alone typically does not lower exposure enough to protect health, understanding sociodemographic determinants of effectiveness may lead to better targeting, implementation, and adoption of interventions.

scholarly journals Particulate Matter fractions and kitchen characteristics in Sri Lankan households using solid fuel and LPG

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sumal Nandasena ◽  
Rajitha Wickremasinghe ◽  
Anuradhani Kasturiratne ◽  
Udaya Wimalasiri ◽  
Meghan Tipre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Open Space ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Living Room ◽  
Sri Lankan ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Fuel Type ◽  
Hazardous Pollutants

AbstractIntroductionUse of solid fuel for cooking is a major source of household air pollution in developing countries. Of the many pollutants emitted during solid fuel combustion, Particulate Matter (PM)is considered to be one of the most hazardous pollutants. We monitored PM fractions emitted during solid fuel and Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) combustion in kitchens of Sri Lankan households.MethodsHouseholds of children in a longitudinal study in Ragama, Sri Lanka was the study population. At the age of 36 months of children, a sample of households were visited and different aerodynamic diameters of PM (PM1, PM2.5, PM10) were monitored during the main cooking session for 3 hours. Basic characteristics of kitchen (e.g., availability of chimney, functionality of chimney, etc.) were assessed by a questionnaire. Cooking energy, other sources of household air pollution, size of open spaces in the kitchen (e.g., windows), etc. were assessed at the time of PM monitoring.ResultsQuestionnaire was administered for mothers in 426 households. Out of them, 245 (57.5%)and 116 (27.2%) households used LPG and wood as the primary cooking fuel respectively. During the cooking period, PM2.5 concentrations of households uses only wood fuel and cook inside the main housing building were 344.1 μg/m3(Inter Quartile Range(IQR) = 173.2-878.0μg/m3), 88.7 μg/m3(54.8- 179.2 μg/m3); 91.7 μg/m3 (56.0- 184.9 μg/m3) and 115.1 μg/m3(83.4 - 247.9 μg/m3) in kitchen, sleeping room, living room and immediate outdoor respectively. Immediate outdoor PM2.5 concentrations in wood burning households was higher among households not having chimney (n = 8)compare to those having a chimney (n = 8) (245.9μg/m3 (IQR = 72.5 – 641.7μg/m3)) VS. (105.7μg/m3 (83.4– 195.8μg/m3)).Fuel type and stove type, availability of a chimney and their functional status, ratio between open space and total space of kitchen, PM2.5 concentration at the non-cooking time (i.e., baseline PM2.5concentration) were the determinants of PM2.5 in wood using kitchens during cooking period.ConclusionsPM concentrations were higher in kitchen and other microenvironments of the households use wood for cooking as compared to LPG use for cooking. Immediate outdoor PM concentration was higher than the sleeping and living room PM concentrations. Several factors determine the PM2.5concentrationsduring the cooking including the fuel type.

scholarly journals Quantifying the Environmental Impacts of Cookstove Transitions: A Societal Exergy Analysis Based Model of Energy Consumption and Forest Stocks in Honduras

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Ver Beek ◽  
Elvin Vindel ◽  
Matthew Kuperus Heun ◽  
Paul E. Brockway
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Exergy Analysis ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Energy Transition ◽  
Primary Energy ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Premature Deaths ◽  
Solid Biofuels ◽  
Primary Energy Supply

Unsustainable consumption of biofuels contributes to deforestation and climate change, while household air pollution from burning solid biofuels in homes results in millions of premature deaths globally every year. Honduras, like many low and medium Human Development Index countries, depends on primary solid biofuels for more than 30% of its primary energy supply (as of 2013). We conducted a societal exergy analysis and developed a forest stock model for Honduras for 1971–2013 and used the results to model an energy transition from traditional wood stoves to either improved efficiency wood cookstoves or modern fuel cookstoves (using Electricity or Liquefied petroleum gas) over the period 2013–2050. The exergy analysis and forest model enabled quantification of the environmental tradeoffs between the improved efficiency and fuel switching scenarios. We find that the continued reliance on wood within both the existing and improved wood cookstove scenarios would exhaust forest stocks by 2050, though improved efficiency could reduce national greenhouse gas emissions. Modern fuel cookstoves would reduce household air pollution, emissions, and deforestation. However, the best alternative to successfully reduce household air pollution, GHG emissions, and deforestation is a rapid switch to electric stoves with significant investment in renewable-based electricity.

scholarly journals Design and conduct of facility-based surveillance for severe childhood pneumonia in the Household Air Pollution Intervention Network (HAPIN) trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 00308-2019
Author(s):  
Suzanne M. Simkovich ◽  
Lindsay J. Underhill ◽  
Miles A. Kirby ◽  
Dina Goodman ◽  
Mary E. Crocker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Household Air Pollution ◽  
World Health ◽  
Liquefied Petroleum Gas ◽  
Preventable Risk Factor ◽  
Difficulty Breathing

Pneumonia is both a treatable and preventable disease but remains a leading cause of death in children worldwide. Household air pollution caused by burning biomass fuels for cooking has been identified as a potentially preventable risk factor for pneumonia in low- and middle-income countries. We are conducting a randomised controlled trial of a clean energy intervention in 3200 households with pregnant women living in Guatemala, India, Peru and Rwanda. Here, we describe the protocol to ascertain the incidence of severe pneumonia in infants born to participants during the first year of the study period using three independent algorithms: the presence of cough or difficulty breathing and hypoxaemia (≤92% in Guatemala, India and Rwanda and ≤86% in Peru); presence of cough or difficulty breathing along with at least one World Health Organization-defined general danger sign and consolidation on chest radiography or lung ultrasound; and pneumonia confirmed to be the cause of death by verbal autopsy. Prior to the study launch, we identified health facilities in the study areas where cases of severe pneumonia would be referred. After participant enrolment, we posted staff at each of these facilities to identify children enrolled in the trial seeking care for severe pneumonia. To ensure severe pneumonia cases are not missed, we are also conducting home visits to all households and providing education on pneumonia to the mother. Severe pneumonia reduction due to mitigation of household air pollution could be a key piece of evidence that sways policymakers to invest in liquefied petroleum gas distribution programmes.

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