Diet and secondary production of some species of Hydropsyche larvae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the tailwater affected by dam removal and the emptying of an impoundment

Zoosymposia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 465-480
Author(s):  
MARIUSZ TSZYDEL ◽  
MARIA GRZYBKOWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Production ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Dam Removal ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Small Contribution ◽  
River Section ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Riffle Habitat

The diet of 4th and 5th instar larvae of filter-feeding trichopteran species [Hydropsyche contubernalis McLachlan, H. modesta Navás and H. pellucidula (Curtis)] that are dominant in the benthos in riffle habitats was analysed. Caddisflies were collected in a river section downstream of a dam. Samples were collected in 2 periods: S1—during the functioning of the dam reservoir, and S2—just after it was emptied (reservoir recovery).            Gut contents were examined from the anterior part of the alimentary canal. Formless content, diatoms and other algae were considered as detritus. The diet of 4th instars mostly consisted of plant and animal detritus, with a small contribution of early stages of Chironomidae larvae. In contrast, 5th instars consumed larger chironomids in the subfamilies Orthocladiinae and Tanytarsini. When the reservoir was emptied, an increase in the contribution of invertebrates to the diet was observed – chironomid larvae, trichopterans and ostracods dominated. In spring they were Chironomidae (Cricotopus sp.), while in winter and summer Simuliidae. The most diversified diet was recorded in H. contubernalis and H. modesta in the summer of S2.       Trichopteran secondary production in the investigated river section was similar in both study periods: 38.8 in S1 and 35.3 g dry mass m-2 year-1 in S2. In both study periods, the highest values of production were recorded in the stony riffle habitat, where H. contubernalis comprizeded 23.4% (S1) and 18.8% (S2) of total annual trichopteran production originating from all the investigated habitats.

scholarly journals Do minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) digest wax esters?

1995 ◽  
Vol 74 (5) ◽  
pp. 717-722 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erling S. Nordøy
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Wax Ester ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽  
Minke Whales

Mammals are known to utilize wax esters with an efficiency of less than 50%. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether or not minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata), which at times may eat considerable amounts of wax-ester-rich krill, represent an exception to this general pattern. Samples of fresh undigested forestomach, as well as colon, contents were obtained from minke whales (n5) that had been feeding on krill (Thysanoessa inermis) for some time. The samples were analysed for dry mass, energy density, lipid content and the major lipid classes, including wax esters. The concentrations of wax esters were compared with previous estimates of dry-matter disappearance of the same type of prey using anin vitrotechnique, to calculate the dry-matter digestibility of wax esters (DMDwax). Wax esters contributed 21% of the energy and 47% of total lipids in the krill diet. The energy density of gut contents decreased by 50% after their passage from forestomach to the end of the colon. The DMDwaxwas 94·1 (SD 2·8)% (n5). This high DMDwaxand the occurrence of fatty alcohols, one of the products of wax-ester hydrolysis, in faeces show that minke whales are very efficient digesters of wax esters and absorb most of the energy-rich products of this process.

The growth of Moniliformis (Acanthocephala) in rats fed on various monosaccharides and disaccharides

1980 ◽  
Vol 209 (1175) ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats ◽  
Host Diet ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Growth And Reproduction

Aspects of the course of infection, growth and reproductive activity of Moniliformis were studied in adult male and female rats fed on iso -energetic purified diets containing various sugars. When rats were infected and fed on experimental diets containing either 3% glucose or 3% galactose for 5 weeks, very little growth of the worms and no signs of reproduction were observed. In contrast, Moniliformis grew well and showed many signs of normal reproduction when the rats were fed on diets containing either 3% fructose or 3% mannose. The ability of the worms to grow and reproduce was not lost by maintaining them first for 5 weeks in rats fed on diets containing 3% glucose and 3% galactose. When the diets of such rats were changed to ones containing 3% starch and 3% fructose, respectively, for a further 5 weeks, the worms grew and normal reproduction occurred. Similar experiments were carried out in which groups of infected rats were fed for 5 weeks on diets containing gradually increasing amounts of glucose (6-36%). It was not until the rats were fed on diets containing 24% glucose that the mean dry mass of the worms approached that of worms from rats fed on the diet con­taining 3% fructose; no host diet was found to be as effective a supporter of worm growth as 3% mannose. Under no circumstances, not even when the host’s diet contained 36%, was galactose found to be a suitable sugar for supporting the growth and reproduction of Moniliformis . Results consistent with those recorded for worms from rats fed on the diets containing monosaccharides were obtained when infected rats were fed for 5 weeks on diets containing 3% of various disaccharides. Considerable growth and reproduction of Moniliformis occurred when sucrose was included in the host’s diet, but not when lactose, maltose or trehalose was present. Several of these observations may be related to the fact that different sugars are absorbed at different rates from the intestinal tract. It is suggested that all of a given sugar, when present in the diet at a low concentration, may be removed rapidly from the anterior part of the small intestine with the result that none will be available to the parasites. Significant amounts, however, of those sugars that are absorbed more slowly may reach the region of the intestine in which the parasite normally lives.

Transport of Food Through the Alimentary Camals of Aquatic Annelids

1948 ◽  
Vol s3-89 (5) ◽  
pp. 47-51
Author(s):  
JEAN HANSON
Keyword(s):  
Alimentary Canal ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Ciliated Epithelium ◽  
Gut Epithelium ◽  
The University ◽  
Anterior Direction ◽  
Metachronal Waves ◽  
Muscle Coat ◽  
Made In

1. In most serpulids and sabellids the only muscle coat in the wall of the alimentary canal lies outside the blood sinus which envelops it. In a few sabellids there is another muscle coat, of unknown function, between the sinus and the gut epithelium. 2. The muscles outside the sinus contract antiperistaltically and tend to hinder the transport of the gut contents towards the anus. 3. The contents of the alimentary canal are transported by its cilia which beat towards the anus. The metachronal waves of the ciliated epithelium travel in a postero-anterior direction. The ‘ascending ciliary current’ of Stephenson (1913) does not exist. 4. The food boli of serpulids and sabellids rotate as they move down the gut. In Salmacina incrustans the rotation is imparted by cilia in the anterior part of the gut. These observations were made in the Zoological Station of Naples. I wish to record my gratitude to the staff of the Station, to the British Association for the Advancement of Science for the use of its Table, and to the University of London for a grant towards travelling expenses.

scholarly journals Feeding habits of Chironomid larvae (Insecta: Diptera) from a stream in the Floresta da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

2003 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Henriques-Oliveira ◽  
J. L. Nessimian ◽  
L. F. M. Dorvillé
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
Feeding Habits ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Main Food ◽  
Animal Remains ◽  
Aquatic Food ◽  
Main Food Source

Chironomids larvae are frequently one of the most abundant and diverse groups of insects in several kinds of aquatic environments. Also, they play a major role in the aquatic food webs, representing a major link among producers and secondary consumers. This work investigates the feeding behavior of the chironomid larvae present in the Rio da Fazenda, situated in the Parque Nacional da Tijuca, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, between August 1994 and May 1995. Algae, fungi, pollen, leaf and wood fragments, animal remains, detritus and silt were the main gut contents found in the larvae studied. The main food item ingested by the larvae was detritus, except for the Stenochironomus whose main food source was leaf and wood fragments. Tanypodinae exhibited a large quantity of animal remains of several kinds in the diet. During the period studied it was observed that the diet of 16 genera (out of 24 studied) varied. Tanypodinae had mainly coarse particulate organic matter (> 1 mm) in the gut contents, while Chironominae and Orthocladiinae had fine particulate organic matter (< 1 mm).

Macroinverfebrate Abundance and Production of Psammophifous Chironomidae in Shifting Sand Areas of a Lowland River

1985 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 1296-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel A. Soluk
Keyword(s):  
Benthic Macroinvertebrates ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Larval Growth ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
River Bed ◽  
Chironomid Species ◽  
Shifting Sand ◽  
Macroinvertebrate Density

Abundance and biomass of benthic macroinvertebrates from shifting sand areas in the bed of the Sand River in central Alberta, Canada, were examined for 1 yr. Macroinvertebrate density ranged from 12 000 to 78 000 individuals/m2, but total biomass was low (50–490 mg/m2 dry mass) due to the small size of most organisms. The interstitial larvae of two chironomid species (Robackia demeijerei and Rheosmittia sp.) contributed a mean of 80.6% biomass and 92.8% of total number of macroinvertebrates. Total annual secondary production of these two species (752.0 ± 144.5 mg∙m−2∙yr−1) was used as an estimate of total secondary production of benthic macroinvertebrates in shifting sand areas. Both R. demeijerei and Rheosmittia sp. exhibited larval growth and development rates much slower than those reported for comparably sized species in other habitats. Food or frequent disturbance may limit the growth of these species. Although unit area biomass and production were low relative to other lotie habitats, shifting sand areas make significant contributions to the river ecosystem because they occupy a large proportion of the river bed.

Food Limitation and Interspecific Competition in Snail-Dominated Streams

1992 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 1257-1267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walter R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Food Limitation ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
High Biomass ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Caddisfly Larvae ◽  
Elimia Clavaeformis

Food limitation and exploitative competition were implicated in two experiments on lotic grazers in eastern Tennessee. In a laboratory feeding experiment, grazing snails (Elimia clavaeformis) and caddisfly larvae (Neophylax etnieri) from upper White Oak Creek (WOC) grew 7 and 2 times faster, respectively, on a diet of high-biomass periphyton than they did on a diet of WOC periphyton. When fed on the high-biomass periphyton, both grazers accumulated disproportionately more neutral lipid, and snails increased their mean condition index 50% (ash-free dry mass per unit wet mass). Growth and condition of grazers fed WOC periphyton in the laboratory were quite similar to growth and condition in situ, indicating that laboratory conditions were realistic. Analysis of gut contents demonstrated considerable dietary overlap between the two taxa regardless of periphyton diet and suggested that quantity rather than quality of periphyton limited grazer growth and condition in WOC. In a natural experiment, periphyton and Neophylax from six streams containing Elimia were compared with periphyton and Neophylax from six streams that lacked Elimia. Periphyton biomass, Neophylax diapause mass, and Neophylax lipid content were substantially greater in streams lacking Elimia, implying that the snail created or exacerbated food-limiting conditions for Neophylax.

scholarly journals The food spectrum of the cardinal - tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilse Walker
Keyword(s):  
Natural Habitat ◽  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Gut Contents ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Chironomid Larvae ◽  
Rio Negro ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Amazonas State ◽  
Rates Of Growth ◽  
Rio Negro Basin

The cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) is the most intensively commercialized ornamental fish from the Rio Negro Basin (Amazonas State, Brasil). Analysis of the stomach and gut contents of fish caught in their natural habitats show conclusively that the cardinal is essentially a predator, feeding on the mesofauna that adheres to submerged litter, roots and waterplants. Microcrustacea and chironomid larvae (Diptera) were the most frequently ingested prey, while algae intake was relatively infrequent. It is argued that the relatively small size of the cardinals captured in their natural habitat is due to the annual migrations imposed by the inundation cycles, rather than to resource limitation, because it is known from earlier investigations of similar habitats, that these plant substrates are densely colonized by the aquatic mesofauna. Cardinals raised in captivity are larger and have higher rates of growth.

scholarly journals Testing zooplankton secondary production models against Daphnia magna growth

2012 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
May Gómez ◽  
Ico Martínez ◽  
Ismael Mayo ◽  
José Miguel Morales ◽  
Angelo Santana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Population Ecology ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Marine Copepod ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Freshwater Crustacean

Abstract Gómez, M., Martínez, I., Mayo, I., Morales, J. M., Santana, A., and Packard, T. T. 2012. Testing zooplankton secondary production models against Daphnia magna growth. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 421–428. Modelling secondary production rates in the zooplankton is essential for population ecology studies, but assessing these rates is difficult and rarely done. Here, five secondary production models are tested by measuring Daphnia magna growth. To provide a range of growth rates, Daphnia were cultured under three different nutrition regimes (yeast, cornflour, and phytoplankton). Length and biomass were monitored daily in three simple time-course experiments to provide the growth rates, which ranged from 0.11 to 0.30 d–1 with secondary production rates of 350–643 µg dry mass d−1. Secondary production was predicted best by the freshwater crustacean-based model of Stockwell and Johannsson (1997). Marine copepod-based marine models were totally unsuitable.

scholarly journals SEDIMENT EROSION AND DEPOSITION IN THE FORMER ARASE DAM RESERVOIR UNDER THE DAM REMOVAL PROJECT

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. I_853-I_858
Author(s):  
Kazuaki OHTSUKI ◽  
Hiroki IYOOKA ◽  
Yasuo NIHEI ◽  
Yusuke YOSHIMORI ◽  
Shunsuke NAKAMURA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dam Removal ◽  
Dam Reservoir ◽  
Erosion And Deposition ◽  
Sediment Erosion

Growth and secondary production of Paracapnia angulata Hanson (Plecoptera; Capniidae) in Appalachian streams affected by acid precipitation

1993 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 735-743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael B. Griffith ◽  
Sue A. Perry ◽  
William B. Perry
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Secondary Production ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Acid Precipitation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Biomass Ratio ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
Appalachian Streams

Paracapnia angulata in West Virginia occurs in headwater streams that range in pH from 4.5 to 7.5. It is representative of a number of species of Plecoptera, which often increase in abundance in acidic streams because they are tolerant of low pH and related changes in water quality associated with acid precipitation. We compared growth rates and secondary production of P. angulata in four streams, SFR, WS4, WS3, and HSR, in which mean streamwater pH was 4.26, 5.99, 6.07, and 7.48, respectively. Mean specific growth rates, in terms of dry mass for P. angulata, were higher in the two neutral streams than in the more alkaline stream or the acidic stream. Secondary production of P. angulata was highest in the acidic stream SFR, 106.2 ± 16.4 mg∙m−2∙yr−1 (mean ± 2 SE), and was 34.0 ± 12.1 mg∙m−2∙yr−1 in WS4, 32.7 ± 3.8 mg∙m−2∙yr−1 in WS3, and 35.4 ± 3.6 mg∙m−2∙yr−1 in HSR. The increased secondary production of P. angulata was related to greater mean abundance and biomass in SFR; and the production/biomass ratio for this acidic stream was lower than for the other streams.

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