<strong>Cladistic, biogeographic and environmental niche analysis of the species of <em>Agathemera </em>Stål (Phasmatida, Agathemeridae)</strong>

The endemic southern South American genus Agathemera Stål, which contains eight species, is analyzed in a cladistic context in order to establish a hypothesis regarding the phylogenetic relationships among its species. The cladistic analysis is based on adult and immature morphological characters belonging to both sexes. A biogeographical analysis is also performed to reconstruct the biogeographic history of the genus, and an environmental niche analysis to determine the potential distribution of the species, estimate niche overlap among species, and to find the most important variables that explain its present distribution. One tree of 51 steps was obtained that supports the monophyly of the genus. The species A. elegans and A. mesoauriculae distributed in southern Chile are situated at the base of the cladogram and they are the sister group to both the Argentinian (A. claraziana, A. luteola, A. maculafulgens and A. millepunctata) and the Chilean species (A. grylloidea and A. crassa). The Biogeographic analysis using DIVA 1.1 found 1 optimal reconstruction that involves a vicariant event at each node. The vicariant event of the most apical node of the tree can be correlated to the uplifting of the Andes. The basal species are distributed in the southern regions of Chile and in the Patagonian Steppe, while the remaining species are distributed in northern highlands. Environmental Niche Models showed that the soil variable was important for all eight species. According to the models, A. claraziana and A. millepunctata have large potential geographic distribution covering almost all the Patagonian area, and have similar niche requirements, while the six remaining species showed a more restricted geographic distribution.

Download Full-text

Corrigendum to: Cladistic analysis and revision of Piestus Gravenhorst with remarks on related genera (Coleoptera : Staphylinidae : Piestinae)

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/is10016_co ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 129

Author(s):

Edilson Caron ◽

Cibele S. Ribeiro-Costa ◽

Alfred F. Newton

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Taxonomic Revision ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Valid Species ◽

Phylogenetic Position ◽

Neotropical Forests ◽

Rove Beetles ◽

New Synonyms ◽

Branch Support

Rove beetles of the genus Piestus Gravenhorst, 1806 are commonly captured under the bark of or inside decaying logs from Neotropical forests. Piestus belongs to the subfamily Piestinae, historically an ill-defined dumping-ground for Staphylinidae defined by plesiomorphic characters, but which has gradually been restricted in concept and currently includes only six additional extant genera worldwide. Piestinae in this restricted sense has been considered a probably monophyletic subfamily, but its status and phylogenetic position, as a possible sister-group of Osoriinae within the recently proposed Oxyteline group of staphylinid subfamilies, are uncertain and need confirmation. The main aim of the present study was to provide a morphological cladistic analysis and complete taxonomic revision of Piestus, which, as the type and most speciose genus of Piestinae, is critical for future phylogenetic studies involving the subfamily. In our study, the monophyly of Piestus is established and phylogenetic relationships among its species are proposed based on 70 adult morphological characters. Piestus is supported by 11 synapomorphies and high branch support. All species of Piestus are revised and the genus is redefined. The genus contains 43 species, including 13 species described here for the first time. The previously proposed subgenera Antropiestus Bernhauer, 1917, Eccoptopiestus Scheerpeltz, 1952, Elytropiestus Scheerpeltz, 1952, Lissopiestus Scheerpeltz, 1952, Piestus s. str., Trachypiestus Scheerpeltz, 1952 and Zirophorus Dalman, 1821 have not been confirmed, as they were found to be poly- or paraphyletic, or are here removed from Piestus, and therefore subgenera are not used. The main taxonomic changes are as follows. Lissopiestus, syn. nov. is proposed as new synonym of Eleusis Laporte, 1835 and its species, E. interrupta (Erichson, 1840), comb. rest., is transferred again to that genus. Antropiestus, syn. nov. and Eccoptopiestus, syn. nov. are proposed as new synonyms of Hypotelus Erichson, 1839 and their species, H. laevis (Solsky, 1872), comb. nov. and H. andinus (Bernhauer, 1917), comb. nov., are transferred to Hypotelus. Fourteen new synonymies are proposed (valid species listed first): P. lacordairei Laporte, 1835 = Z. furcatus Sharp, 1887, syn. nov.; P. capricornis Laporte, 1835 = P. frontalis Sharp, 1876, syn. nov.; P. pennicornis Fauvel, 1864 = P. plagiatus Fauvel, 1864, syn. nov.; P. rectus Sharp, 1876, syn. nov.; P. pygialis Fauvel, 1902, syn. nov.; P. surinamensis Bernhauer, 1928, syn. nov.; P. minutus Erichson, 1840 = P. nigrator Fauvel, 1902, syn. nov.; P. sulcatus Gravenhorst, 1806 = P. sanctaecatharinae Bernhauer, 1906, syn. nov.; P. condei Wendeler, 1955, syn. nov.; P. gounellei Fauvel, 1902 = P. wasmanni Fauvel, 1902, syn. nov.; P. mexicanus Laporte, 1835 = P. alternans Sharp, 1887, syn. nov.; P. aper Sharp, 1876 = P. schadei Scheerpeltz, 1952, syn. nov.; P. angularis Fauvel, 1864 = P. crassicornis Sharp, 1887, syn. nov.; H. andinus (Bernhauer, 1917) = P. strigipennis Bernhauer, 1921, syn. nov. One species is revalidated: P. fronticornis (Dalman, 1821), stat. rev., and one synonym is restored: P. penicillatus (Dalman, 1821) = P. erythropus Erichson, 1840, syn. rest. Neotypes are designated for P. lacordairei Laporte, 1835 and Oxytelus bicornis Olivier, 1811, and lectotypes are designated for P. puncticollis Fauvel, 1902, P. capricornis variety muticus Fauvel, 1902, P. zischkai Scheerpeltz, 1951, P. pennicornis Fauvel, 1864, P. plagiatus Fauvel, 1864, P. pygmaeus Laporte, 1835, P. niger Fauvel 1864, P. minutus Erichson, 1840, P. nigratror Fauvel, 1902, P. sulcatus Gravenhorst, 1806, P. sanctaecatharinae Bernhauer, 1906, P. sulcipennis Scheerpeltz, 1952, P. aper Sharp, 1876, P. schadei Scheerpeltz, 1952 and P. andinus Bernhauer, 1917.

Download Full-text

Phylogeny of Philornis Meinert species (Diptera: Muscidae)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1530.1.2 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 1530 (1) ◽

pp. 19-26 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

MÁRCIA SOUTO COURI ◽

CLAUDIO JOSÉ BARROS DE CARVALHO ◽

PETER LÖWENBERG-NETO

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Biological Data ◽

Lower Half ◽

Evolutionary Trends ◽

Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽

Old World ◽

Male Characters ◽

Median Width

This study presents a cladistic analysis of the Neotropical Philornis species based on morphological characters of adults and larvae, as well as biological data on larvae. Forty-one species of Philornis were used in the analysis, which was based on a total of 64 characters and included six outgroup taxa, half of which belong to Passeromyia Rodhain & Villeneuve, an Old World genus that shows the same variety of associations with birds as Philornis. Four most parsimonious cladograms (242 steps in length; ci=30; ri=69) were produced. According to the analysis, the genus Philornis is supported by the following synapomorphies (adults): only the pre-scutellar pair of acrostichal postsutural setae developed and setulae on anepimeron present. The resulting phylogenetic hypothesis (strict consensus) shows a basal polytomy that includes the species that traditionally correspond to the “aitkeni-group”. This group is mainly defined by male characters, which are known for only about half of these species. The next clade is divided into two others, the first one supported by the homoplasies: cheek hairs yellow; setulae on anepimeron black on upper half and yellow on lower half and proepimeral hairs yellow. This group traditionally corresponds to the “falsificus-group” and more data on the biology of the species will certainly clarify and/or confirm their relationships. Philornis downsi Dodge & Aitken is the sister group of all the remaining Philornis species. This third clade corresponds to the “angustifrons-group”, defined in this analysis by the following synapomorphies: concave shape of posterior end of puparium and the median width of female frons. These “traditional” groups, the relationships among the species and their evolutionary trends are discussed.

Download Full-text

The phylogeny of the Hydroporinae and classification of the genus Peschetius Guignot, 1942 (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae)

Insect Systematics & Evolution ◽

10.1163/187631206788838617 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (3) ◽

pp. 257-279 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

William Wolfe ◽

Kelly Miller ◽

Olof Biström

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Close Relationship ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

AbstractThe phylogeny of the Hydroporinae is investigated in a cladistic analysis emphasizing placement of the genus Peschetius Guignot, historically placed in the tribe Hydroporini. Sixty-nine adult and larval morphological characters were coded for 61 species of Hydroporinae representing eight of the nine tribes. Cladistic analysis of the data resulted in 396 most parsimonious cladograms (length = 176, CI = 46, RI = 80). The results indicate that the genus Peschetius is the sister group to the tribe Bidessini based mainly on an unambiguous character, the presence of a prominent internal spermathecal spine, and several other more ambiguous or homoplasious characters. The tribe Bidessini is expanded to include the genus Peschetius, and it is formally transferred from the tribe Hydroporini. Other results indicating interesting relationships of tribes and genera within Hydroporinae are also discussed. Results include; 1) a dramatically paraphyletic Hydroporini with Laccornellus Roughley and Wolfe, Canthyporus Zimmermann and Hydrocolus Roughley and Larson in basal positions within the phylogeny, 2) Hydrovatus Motschulsky and Queda Sharp resolved as sister groups and not closely related to Methlini van den Branden, 3) support for close relationship of Pachydrus Sharp (Pachydrini Biström, Nilsson and Wewalka) with Hyphydrini Sharp, 4) paraphyly of Hygrotus Stephens sensu lato with the relationship H. (Coelambus) Thomson + (Hygrotus sensus stricto + Hydrovatini)) suggesting recognition of Coelambus and Hygrotus as separate genera, 5) close relationship between the Australian genera of Hydroporini and Hyphydrini and 6) the nesting of Vatellini within a group of Hydroporini.

Download Full-text

Phylogeny of the Limnophilinae (Limoniidae) and early evolution of the Tipulomorpha (Diptera)

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/is08017 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 22 (6) ◽

pp. 627 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Guilherme Cunha Ribeiro

Keyword(s):

Adult Male ◽

Male Genitalia ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Systematic Position ◽

Sensu Stricto ◽

Crane Flies ◽

Male Morphology ◽

First Time

Tipulomorpha (crane flies) comprise one of the largest subgroups of Diptera, but its phylogeny at different levels has been poorly explored. This study presents the most comprehensive cladistic analysis of the group ever made, with emphasis on the genera and subgenera of the subfamily Limnophilinae (Limoniidae), assumed to include some of the earliest lineages of Tipulomorpha sensu stricto and therefore important for the understanding of the early patterns in the evolution of the crane flies. Eighty-eight characters of the male imago were scored for 104 exemplar species. The most parsimonious trees were searched using implied weighting, in the framework of a sensitivity analysis with different values of k (2 to 6). The dataset based on the characters of adult male morphology showed high levels of homoplasy and yielded very incongruent and unstable phylogenetic results, which are very sensitive to changes in analytical parameters. In the preferred and most parsimonious phylogenetic hypothesis, the Pediciidae is the sister-group of all other Tipulomorpha sensu stricto. The results indicate the paraphyly of the Limoniidae with respect to the Cylindrotomidae and Tipulidae, which are considered sister-groups. The Limoniidae subfamilies Limnophilinae, Limoniinae and Chioneinae are considered non-monophyletic. The study allowed a reconstruction of the possible ground plan condition of selected features of the adult male morphology of crane flies. The genera/subgenera Epiphragma (Epiphragma), Acantholimnophila, Shannonomyia, Limnophila (Arctolimnophila), Eloeophila, Conosia, Polymera, Polymera (Polymerodes), Prionolabis, Eutonia, Phylidorea (Phylidorea), Metalimnophila, Gynoplistia (Cerozodia), Gynoplistia (Dirhipis), Nothophila, Pseudolimnophila (Pseudolimnophila), Pilaria and Ulomorpha are considered monophyletic, but in general are defined by combinations of very homoplastic character states. Two Temperate Gondwanan clades, (Tonnoirella + (Edwardsomyia + (Tinemyia + (Rhamphophila + (Nothophila))))) and ((Notholimnophila + Bergrothomyia) + (Mesolimnophila + (Chilelimnophila + Ctenolimnophila))) are recovered. The genera Limnophila, Neolimnomyia, Gynoplistia (sensu lato) and Hexatoma (sensu lato) are considered non-monophyletic. The systematic position and some morphological characters of ‘problematic’ taxa, such as Dactylolabis, Elephantomyia, Helius and Atarba are discussed on the light of the proposed phylogeny and the analysis of the characters. Character states are richly illustrated. A detailed study of the morphology of the male genitalia is made, and several genera and species have the morphology of the male genitalia illustrated for the first time.

Download Full-text

The morphology, higher-level phylogeny and classification of the Empidoidea (Diptera)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.1180.1.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 1180 (1) ◽

pp. 1 ◽

Cited By ~ 88

Author(s):

BRADLEY J. SINCLAIR ◽

JEFFREY M. CUMMING

Keyword(s):

Feeding Habits ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Male And Female ◽

Ground Plan ◽

Incertae Sedis ◽

Higher Taxa ◽

The Family

A cladistic analysis of the Empidoidea and basal lineages of the Cyclorrhapha, based on morphological characters, confirms the monophyly of both groups as well as that of the Eremoneura. The resulting final trees are used to revise the classification of the Empidoidea to include the following five families: Empididae, Hybotidae, Atelestidae (including Nemedininae n. subfam.), Brachystomatidae rev. stat. (comprising the subfamilies Brachystomatinae, Ceratomerinae and Trichopezinae), and Dolichopodidae s.lat. The family Microphoridae is not recognized, and the Microphorinae and Parathalassiinae are assigned to the Dolichopodidae s.lat. The Dolichopodidae s.str. includes 15 subfamilies that were previously recognized within the family. Within the Empidoidea we found support for Atelestidae as the sister group to the Hybotidae and for the monophyly of Parathalassiinae + Dolichopodidae s.str. The Empididae remains poorly defined and the genera Homalocnemis Philippi, Iteaphila Zetterstedt, Anthepiscopus Becker, and Oreogeton Schiner are classified as incertae sedis within the Empidoidea. In addition, the following higher taxa are proposed: Symballophthalmini n. tribe, Bicellariini n. tribe, Oedaleinae rev. stat., and Trichininae rev. stat., which are all assigned to the Hybotidae. The genus Sematopoda Collin is tentatively assigned to Trichopezinae, and Xanthodromia Saigusa is transferred from Hemerodromiinae to Brachystomatinae. All morphological characters are extensively discussed and illustrated, including details of the antennae, mouthparts, internal thoracic structures, wings, and male and female terminalia. In addition, a key to families and unplaced genus groups of the Empidoidea is provided. Feeding habits are also discussed in terms of the empidoid ground plan condition.

Download Full-text

A Phylogeny and Classification of the Senticaudata subord. nov. Crustacea: Amphipoda)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.3610.1.1 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 3610 (1) ◽

pp. 1-80 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

J. K. LOWRY ◽

A. A. MYERS

Keyword(s):

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Freshwater Species ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time

The Amphipoda includes a large clade defined by the presence of a previously unrecognised synapomorphy, apical robust setae on the rami of uropods 1–2. We term this clade the Senticaudata subord. nov. (Latin: sentis = thorn). It includes almost all freshwater species as well as a number of marine benthic taxa, formerly part of the ‘Gammaridea’. The phylogeny of the senticaudates was determined by cladistic analysis of morphological characters and character states. Within the suborder Senticaudata there are six infraorders: Carangoliopsida, Talitrida, Hadziida, Corophiida, Bogidiellida and Gammarida. A classification is provided and all the senticaudate families are diagnosed. We introduce for the first time in amphipod classification, the level parvorder between infraorder and superfamily. Four new families are described: Kairosidae; Eriopisidae; Nuuanuidae and Kergueleniolidae.

Download Full-text

On the dumping ground genus Scotaena Klug, 1810 (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae: Thynninae): Phylogeny, taxonomy and geographic distribution

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4399.4.1 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4399 (4) ◽

pp. 451

Author(s):

FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARNIMEO ◽

FERNANDO BARBOSA NOLL

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Geographical Distribution ◽

Geographic Distribution ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Identification Key ◽

New Genera ◽

Distribution Maps ◽

Single Tree ◽

Equal Weighting

The Neotropical thynnine genus Scotaena is revised and a cladistic analysis is presented. The analysis, conducted from 75 morphological characters of 31 terminal taxa, returned a single tree under equal weighting. The monophyly of Scotaena was not recovered. Three new genera and five new species are described: Kaysara gen. nov., Pseudoscotaena gen. nov. and Pampathynnus gen. nov., Scotaena reversa sp. nov., Kaysara laterolata sp. nov., Kaysara apiciconcava sp. nov., Kaysara marginoplicata sp. nov. and Kaysara levicrenata sp. nov. Three species are transferred to other genera as follows: Eucyrtothynnus rosenbergi (Turner, 1910) comb. nov., Glottynoides genisei Kimsey, 1991 comb. nov., Ornepetes clypearis Durán-Moya, 1941 comb. nov. Scotaena now comprises four species: S. trifasciata Klug, 1810; S. horni (Turner, 1927); S. vetusta Turner, 1909; and S. reversa. An identification key and geographical distribution maps for the studied species are also provided.

Download Full-text

Corrigenda: Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345–395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420

Zoosystematics and Evolution ◽

10.3897/zse.96.56272 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 637-637

Author(s):

Karla D. A. Soares ◽

Marcelo R. de Carvalho

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Comparative Morphology ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Data Matrix ◽

Internal Morphology ◽

The Family ◽

Almost All ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Meristic Data

The genus Scyliorhinus is part of the family Scyliorhinidae, the most diverse family of sharks and of the subfamily Scyliorhininae along with Cephaloscyllium and Poroderma. This study reviews the phylogenetic relationships of species of Scyliorhinus in the subfamily Scyliorhininae. Specimens of all Scyliorhinus species were examined as well as specimens of four of the 18 species of Cephaloscyllium, two species of Poroderma, representatives of almost all other catshark (scyliorhinid) genera and one proscylliid (Proscyllium habereri). A detailed morphological study, including external and internal morphology, morphometry and meristic data, was performed. From this study, a total of 84 morphological characters were compiled into a data matrix. Parsimony analysis was employed to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships using the TNT 1.1. Proscyllium habereri was used to root the cladogram. The phylogenetic analysis, based on implied weighting (k = 3; 300 replications and 100 trees saved per replication), resulted in three equally most parsimonious cladograms with 233 steps, with a CI of 0.37 and an RI of 0.69. The monophyly of the subfamily Scyliorhininae is supported as well as of the genus Scyliorhinus, which is proposed to be the sister group of Cephaloscyllium. The phylogenetic relationships amongst Scyliorhinus species are presented for the frst time.

Download Full-text

Family revision and cladistic analysis of the Nereidoidea (Polychaeta : Phyllodocida)

Invertebrate Systematics ◽

10.1071/it9931551 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 7 (6) ◽

pp. 1551 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

CJ Glasby

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Relationships ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

Consistency Index ◽

Minimum Length

A family revision and cladistic analysis of the superfamily Nereidoidea sensu George and Hartmann - Schroder, 1985 (Polychaeta : Phyllodocida) based on internal and external morphological characters is presented. The superfamily, presently lacking synapomorphies, contains the Antonbruunidae, Calamyzidae, Hesionidae, Levidoridae, Nautiliniellidae, Nereididae, Pilargidae and Syllidae. Three synapomorphies are proposed: anterior or, rarely, anteroventral palps; paired pharyngeal retractor muscles; and the presence of metanephromixia. On the basis of this definition, the Chrysopetalidae are moved to the Nereidoidea. The requirement for ingroup monophyly necessitated synonymising the Antonbruunidae with the Pilargidae, and the Calamyzidae and Levidoridae with the Syllidae. The Nautiliniellidae are redefined. The cladistic analysis using 15 characters (21 apomorphic character states) and 3 outgroups (Aphroditidae, Polynoidae, and Sigalionidae) produced 3 minimum-length cladograms each with 29 steps and consistency index of 0.72. The cladograms showed the Nereidoidea to consist of 2 monophyletic groups: the Nereididae - (Chrysopetalidae - Hesionidae) and the Pilargidae - Nautiliniellidae - Syllidae. The topology of the latter group was variable; one cladogram had the Pilargidae as the sister-group of the Nautiliniellidae and Syllidae, and another had the Syllidae as the sister-group of the Nautiliniellidae and the Pilargidae. Evolutionary scenarios for multistate characters are given, and the phylogenetic relationships of taxa are discussed.

Download Full-text

Revision and cladistic analysis of Psalistops Simon, 1889, Trichopelma Simon, 1888 and Cyrtogrammomma Pocock, 1895 (Araneae: Theraphosidae) based on a cladistic analysis of relationships of Theraphosidae, Barychelidae and Paratropididae

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4873.1.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4873 (1) ◽

pp. 1-132 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

ANDRE MORI ◽

ROGERIO BERTANI

Keyword(s):

Type Species ◽

Cladistic Analysis ◽

Sister Group ◽

Taxonomic Position ◽

Monophyletic Group ◽

The Matrix ◽

Nomina Dubia ◽

Almost All ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship

The genera Psalistops Simon, 1889, Trichopelma, Simon, 1888 and Cyrtogrammomma Pocock, 1895 are revised and included in cladistics analyses including almost all species of these genera. In order to test previous morphological hypotheses on the relationships of Barychelidae, Paratropididae and Theraphosidae and because of the controversial taxonomic position of Psalistops and Trichopelma, a set of terminal taxa representing all subfamilies of Paratropididae (Paratropidinae, Glabropelmatinae), Barychelidae (Barychelinae, Sasoninae, Trichopelmatinae) and most theraphosid subfamilies were included, as well as a diplurid, a nemesiid, and a pycnothelid, the later used to root the cladogram. The matrix with 66 terminal taxa, 2 continuous and 93 discrete characters was analysed with TNT 1.5. We found that Trichopelmatinae is not a monophyletic group, and Psalistops is transferred to Theraphosidae, as well as the barychelid genus Cyrtogrammomma and the paratropidid genus Melloina Brignoli. Cyrtogrammomma was retrieved as the sister group of Trichopelma, and Melloina as the sister group of Holothele Karsch. Psalistops was retrieved as the sister group of Reichlingia Rudloff, and the clade with these two genera is the most basal in Theraphosidae. Barychelidae was found to be monophyletic and the sister group of Theraphosidae. Paratropididae was retrieved as the sister group of Barychelidae + Theraphosidae. The relationship and possible synapomorphies of the three families are herein discussed. This is the first time since Raven (1985) that representatives of all barychelid (Barychelinae, Sasoninae, Trichopelmatinae), paratropidid (Paratropidinae, Glabropelmatinae) and most theraphosid subfamilies have been included in a morphological cladistic analysis. Psalistops comprises two species, P. melanopygius Simon, 1889 (type species) and P. colombianus sp. nov. Psalistops montigena Simon, 1889, P. tigrinus Simon, 1889 and P. zonatus Simon, 1889 are synonymized with P. melanopygius Simon, 1889. Psalistops fulvus Bryant, 1948, P. hispaniolensis Wunderlich, 1988 (fossil), P. maculosus Bryant, 1948, P. venadensis Valerio, 1986 and P. steini (Simon, 1889) are transferred to Trichopelma. Psalistops gasci Maréchal, 1996 is transferred to Hapalopus Ausserer (Theraphosidae); P. opifex (Simon, 1889) and P. solitarius (Simon, 1889) are transferred to Schismatothele Karsch, 1879 (Theraphosidae). Schismatothele solitarius (Simon, 1889) n. comb. is synonymized with Schismatothele lineata Karsch, 1879, n. syn. Psalistops nigrifemuratus Mello-Leitão, 1939 is probably a nemesiid or pycnothelid, and herein considered as nomen dubium in Pycnothelidae. Trichopelma comprises 22 species: Trichopelma nitidum Simon, 1888 (type species), T. coenobita (Simon, 1889), T. steini (Simon, 1889), T. affine (Simon, 1892), T. cubanum (Simon, 1903), T. maculatum (Banks, 1906), T. zebra (Petrunkevitch, 1925), T. banksia Özdikmen & Demir, 2012, T. insulanum (Petrunkevitch, 1926), T. fulvus (Bryant, 1948) n. comb., T. laselva Valerio, 1986, T. venadensis (Valerio, 1986) n. comb., T. huffi sp. nov., T. gabrieli sp. nov., T. tostoi sp. nov., T. goloboffi sp. nov., T. juventud sp. nov., T. laurae sp. nov., T.bimini sp. nov., T. loui sp. nov., T. platnicki sp. nov., and T. hispaniolensis Wunderlich, 1988 n. comb. (fossil). Trichopelma maculosus (Bryant, 1948) n. comb. is synonymized with P. fulvus Bryant, 1948; T. corozalis (Petrunkevitch, 1929) is synonymized with T. insulanum (Petrunkevitch, 1926). Trichopelma astutum Simon, 1889 is transferred to Euthycaelus Simon, 1889, and T. maddeni Esposito & Agnarsson, 2014 to Holothele Karsch, 1879 (Theraphosidae). Trichopelma flavicomum Simon, 1891 is transferred to Neodiplothele (Barychelidae, Sasoninae). The species T. illetabile Simon, 1888, T. spinosum (Franganillo, 1926), T. scopulatum (Fischel, 1927) and T. eucubanum Özdikmen & Demir, 2012 are considered as nomina dubia. Cyrtogrammomma comprises two species: C. monticola Pocock, 1895 (type species) and C. raveni sp. nov.

Download Full-text