scholarly journals Corrigenda: Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(2): 345–395. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.52420

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 637-637
Author(s):  
Karla D. A. Soares ◽  
Marcelo R. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
The Family ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Meristic Data

The genus Scyliorhinus is part of the family Scyliorhinidae, the most diverse family of sharks and of the subfamily Scyliorhininae along with Cephaloscyllium and Poroderma. This study reviews the phylogenetic relationships of species of Scyliorhinus in the subfamily Scyliorhininae. Specimens of all Scyliorhinus species were examined as well as specimens of four of the 18 species of Cephaloscyllium, two species of Poroderma, representatives of almost all other catshark (scyliorhinid) genera and one proscylliid (Proscyllium habereri). A detailed morphological study, including external and internal morphology, morphometry and meristic data, was performed. From this study, a total of 84 morphological characters were compiled into a data matrix. Parsimony analysis was employed to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships using the TNT 1.1. Proscyllium habereri was used to root the cladogram. The phylogenetic analysis, based on implied weighting (k = 3; 300 replications and 100 trees saved per replication), resulted in three equally most parsimonious cladograms with 233 steps, with a CI of 0.37 and an RI of 0.69. The monophyly of the subfamily Scyliorhininae is supported as well as of the genus Scyliorhinus, which is proposed to be the sister group of Cephaloscyllium. The phylogenetic relationships amongst Scyliorhinus species are presented for the frst time.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationship of catshark species of the genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes, Carcharhiniformes, Scyliorhinidae) based on comparative morphology

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-395
Author(s):  
Karla D. A. Soares ◽  
Marcelo R. de Carvalho
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
The Family ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
First Time ◽  
Meristic Data

The genus Scyliorhinus is part of the family Scyliorhinidae, the most diverse family of sharks and of the subfamily Scyliorhininae along with Cephaloscyllium and Poroderma. This study reviews the phylogenetic relationships of species of Scyliorhinus in the subfamily Scyliorhininae. Specimens of all Scyliorhinus species were examined as well as specimens of four of the 18 species of Cephaloscyllium, two species of Poroderma, representatives of almost all other catshark (scyliorhinid) genera and one proscylliid (Proscyllium habereri). A detailed morphological study, including external and internal morphology, morphometry and meristic data, was performed. From this study, a total of 84 morphological characters were compiled into a data matrix. Parsimony analysis was employed to generate hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships using the TNT 1.1. Proscyllium habereri was used to root the cladogram. The phylogenetic analysis, based on implied weighting (k = 3; 300 replications and 100 trees saved per replication), resulted in three equally most parsimonious cladograms with 233 steps, with a CI of 0.37 and an RI of 0.69. The monophyly of the subfamily Scyliorhininae is supported as well as of the genus Scyliorhinus, which is proposed to be the sister group of Cephaloscyllium. The phylogenetic relationships amongst Scyliorhinus species are presented for the first time.

scholarly journals Cretaceous origin and repeated tertiary diversification of the redefined butterflies

2011 ◽  
Vol 279 (1731) ◽  
pp. 1093-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Heikkilä ◽  
Lauri Kaila ◽  
Marko Mutanen ◽  
Carlos Peña ◽  
Niklas Wahlberg
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Level ◽  
Morphological And Molecular Data

Although the taxonomy of the ca 18 000 species of butterflies and skippers is well known, the family-level relationships are still debated. Here, we present, to our knowledge, the most comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the superfamilies Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea and Hedyloidea to date based on morphological and molecular data. We reconstructed their phylogenetic relationships using parsimony and Bayesian approaches. We estimated times and rates of diversification along lineages in order to reconstruct their evolutionary history. Our results suggest that the butterflies, as traditionally understood, are paraphyletic, with Papilionidae being the sister-group to Hesperioidea, Hedyloidea and all other butterflies. Hence, the families in the current three superfamilies should be placed in a single superfamily Papilionoidea. In addition, we find that Hedylidae is sister to Hesperiidae, and this novel relationship is supported by two morphological characters. The families diverged in the Early Cretaceous but diversified after the Cretaceous–Palaeogene event. The diversification of butterflies is characterized by a slow speciation rate in the lineage leading to Baronia brevicornis , a period of stasis by the skippers after divergence and a burst of diversification in the lineages leading to Nymphalidae, Riodinidae and Lycaenidae.

Evolution in the Proteaceae.

1963 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
LAS Johnson ◽  
BG Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Morphological Diversity ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
South American ◽  
Evolutionary Scheme ◽  
The Family ◽  
Cytological Features ◽  
Primitive Condition ◽  
Relationship Of

The sources of evidence bearing on the evolution of the Proteaceae are outlined. New cytological data are presented for Embothrium (South American), Beauprea (New Caledonian), and 15 Australian genera which are mostly tropical or subtropical and with morphological characters considered primitive. Beauprea, Buckinghamia, Opisthiolepis, Embothrium, Oreocallis, and Strangea have 2n = 22 and this number is also confirmed for Stenocarpus and Lomatia. Hollandaea, Darlingia, Cardwellia, Carnarvonia, Helicia, Hicksbeachia, Gevuina, Musgravea, and Austromuellera have 2n = 28. In all these cases the chromosomes are comparable in size with those previously described in Grevillea and other genera. Placospermum has 2n = 14 and its chromosomes are many times larger, comparable with those which have been reported in Persoonia. The palaeobotanical evidence is discussed, but does not throw much light on the detailed phylogeny or on the origin of the family, although it suggests that Proteaceae were well developed in the Upper Cretaceous period. From comparative morphology and cytology, together with considerations of distribution, ecology, and other factors, the characters of the ancestral "Proto-Proteaceae" are postulated and an evolutionary scheme of probable relationships of subfamilies, tribes, and genera is put forward, but formal taxonomic rearrangement is deferred for a later publication. Morphological features of the ovule and seed and of floral orientation are discussed. The characters and probable evolutionary trends within each individual group are dealt with in detail and form the basis of a number of proposed rearrangements in the taxonomic system. Placospermum is considered to combine many primitive morphological and cytological features, and it is excluded from both the subfamilies Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae, being thought to represent an early offshoot before the differentiation of those groups. The Proteoideae are probably polyphyletic but the Grevilleoideae represent a more close-knit assemblage. Within the subfamilies certain groups consist of clearly allied genera and appear to be monophyletic. These constitute the majority of the formally recognized tribes, viz. Proteeae (here including Synaphea and Conospermum), Grevilleeae (here restricted to Finschia, Grevillea, and Hakea), Musgraveeae (Musgravea, Austromuellera), and Banksieae. The tribe Embothrieae, here restricted to those genera of the Grevilleoideae with n = 11, shows considerable morphological diversity but is accepted for the present. It is shown that Strangea should be removed from the Grevilleeae and placed in the Embothrieae near Stenocarpus, with which it shares distinctive seed and inflorescence characters. Some isolated genera, viz. Orites (Grevilleoideae) and in particular Franklandia (Proteoideae), show marked specialization in many features and may be given tribal status. The other two tribes recognized, Persoonieae (in the Proteoideae) and Macadamieae (in the Grevilleoideae), consist of genera which, although advanced in certain respects, preserve numerous primitive features. Each of these tribes comprises a number of groups and individual genera which appear to be the result of evolutionary lines that have been independent from a very early stage. The African genus Brabeium, formerly placed in Persoonieae, is shown to be related to Macadamia. There remain certain genera, viz. Dilobeia (Proteoideae) and also Hollandaea, Knightia, Darlingia, Cardwellia, and Carnarvonia (Grevilleoideae), for which no formal grouping is at present suggested. The frequent independence of trends of specialization in individual characters is stressed, and the relationship of zygomorphy and other floral and inflorescence specializations to pollination by higher insects and birds is discussed. The primitive condition of the inflorescence is considered to have been essentially racemose, not a thyrse as recently suggested. Racemose inflorescences are found in many Proteoideae but the apparent raceme in Grevilleoideae is thought to be a reduced panicle.The phytogeography of the family is briefly discussed. There is evidence indicating a tropical origin, and therefore suggestions of southern connections between Australia and Africa are discounted, though they may have occurred between Australia and South America. Stress is placed on the need for an understanding of evolution within the family as a prerequisite to the development of theories on its position among the Angiosperms and on its historical phytogeography.

scholarly journals Restructuring the Ancorabolidae Sars (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) and Cletodidae T. Scott, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis regarding the relationships of the Laophontoidea T. Scott, Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae

2020 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 455-498
Author(s):  
Kai Horst George
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Phylogenetic Hypothesis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Swimming Leg

Uncovering the systematics of CopepodaHarpacticoida, the second-most abundant component of the meiobenthos after Nematoda, is of major importance for any further research dedicated especially to ecological and biogeographical approaches. Based on the evolution of the podogennontan first swimming leg, a new phylogenetic concept of the Ancorabolidae Sars and Cletodidae T. Scott sensu Por (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) is presented, using morphological characteristics. It confirms the polyphyletic status of the Ancorabolidae and its subfamily Ancorabolinae Sars and the paraphyletic status of the subfamily Laophontodinae Lang. Moreover, it clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of the so far assigned members of the family. An exhaustive phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using 150 morphological characters, resulting in the establishment of a now well-justified monophylum Ancorabolidae. In that context, the Ancorabolus-lineage sensu Conroy-Dalton and Huys is elevated to sub-family rank. Furthermore, the membership of Ancorabolina George in a rearranged monophylum Laophontodinae is confirmed. Conversely, the Ceratonotus-group sensu Conroy-Dalton is transferred from the hitherto Ancorabolinae to the Cletodidae. Within these, the Ceratonotus-group and its hypothesised sister-group Cletodes Brady are combined to form a monophyletic subfamily Cletodinae T. Scott, subfam. nov. Consequently, it was necessary to restructure the Ancorabolidae, Ancorabolinae and Laophontodinae and extend the Cletodidae to include the displacement and exclusion of certain taxa. Moreover, comparison of the Ancorabolidae, Cletodidae, Laophontoidea and other Podogennonta shows that the Ancorabolidae and Cletodidae form sister-groups in a monophylum Cletodoidea Bowman and Abele, which similarly has a sister-group-relationship with the Laophontoidea T. Scott. According to the present study, both taxa constitute a derived monophylum within the Podogennonta Lang.

scholarly journals Phylogenetic relationships within the Pylochelidae (Decapoda: Anomura: Paguroidea): A cladistic analysis based on morphological characters

Zootaxa ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 2022 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL LEMAITRE ◽  
PATSY A. MCLAUGHLIN ◽  
ULF SORHANNUS
Keyword(s):  
Hermit Crab ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Cladistic Analysis ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Strict Consensus Tree ◽  
The Family

Phylogenetic relationships within the “symmetrical” hermit crab family Pylochelidae were analyzed for 41 of the 45 species and subspecies currently considered valid. In the analyses, 78 morphological characters comprised the data matrix and the outgroup consisted of Thalassina anomala, a member of the Thalassinidae, and Munida quadrispina, a member of the Galatheidae. A poorly resolved strict consensus tree was obtained from a heuristic parsimony analysis of unweighted and unordered characters, which showed the family Pylochelidae and the subfamilies Pylochelinae and Pomatochelinae to be monophyletic taxa – the latter two groups had the highest Bremer support values. Additionally, while the subgenus Pylocheles (Pylocheles) was strongly supported, the subgenera Xylocheles, and Bathycheles were not. More fully resolved trees were obtained when using implied weighting, which recognized the monotypic subfamilies Parapylochelinae, Cancellochelinae and Mixtopagurinae. The subfamily Trizochelinae was found to have four distinct clades and several ambiguously placed taxa.

scholarly journals Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation of trnI rearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9740
Author(s):  
Xiao-Dong Xu ◽  
Yi-Yang Jia ◽  
Si-Si Cao ◽  
Zi-Yi Zhang ◽  
Kenneth B. Storey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Gene Rearrangement ◽  
Coding Region ◽  
Sister Clade ◽  
The Family ◽  
Common Group ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Complete Mitochondrial Genomes

As a small order of Pterygota (Insecta), Ephemeroptera has almost 3,500 species around the world. Ephemerellidae is a widely distributed common group of Ephemeroptera. However, the relationship among Ephemerellidae, Vietnamellidae and Teloganellidae is still in dispute. In this study, we sequenced six complete mitogenomes of three genera from Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera): Ephemerella sp. Yunnan-2018, Serratella zapekinae, Serratella sp. Yunnan-2018, Serratella sp. Liaoning-2019, Torleya grandipennis and T. tumiforceps. These mitogenomes were employed to reveal controversial phylogenetic relationships among the Ephemeroptera, with emphasis on the phylogenetic relationships among Ephemerellidae. The lengths of the six mayfly mitogenomes ranged from 15,134 bp to 15,703 bp. Four mitogenomes of Ephemerella sp. Yunnan-2018, Serratella zapekinae, Serratella sp. Yunnan-2018 and Serratella sp. Liaoning-2019 had 22 tRNAs including an inversion and translocation of trnI. By contrast, the mitogenomes of T. tumiforceps and T. grandipennis had 24 tRNAs due to an extra two copies of inversion and translocation of trnI. Within the family Ephemerellidae, disparate gene rearrangement occurred in the mitogenomes of different genera: one copy of inversion and translocation trnI in the genera Ephemerella and Serratella, and three repeat copies of inversion and translocation of trnI in the genus Torleya. A large non-coding region (≥200 bp) between trnS1 (AGN) and trnE was detected in T. grandipennis and T. tumiforceps. Among the phylogenetic relationship of the Ephemeroptera, the monophyly of almost all families except Siphlonuridae was supported by BI and ML analyses. The phylogenetic results indicated that Ephemerellidae was the sister clade to Vietnamellidae whereas Teloganellidae was not a sister clade of Ephemerellidae and Vietnamellidae.

Phylogeny and systematics of the endoparasitic astigmatid mites (Acari: Sarcoptiformes) of mammals: families Gastronyssidae, Lemurnyssidae, and Pneumocoptidae

Zootaxa ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 1951 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRE V. BOCHKOV ◽  
SVETLANA ZABLUDOVSKAYA ◽  
BARRY M. OCONNOR
Keyword(s):  
Sister Group ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Data Matrix ◽  
Maximum Parsimony Analysis ◽  
Consensus Tree ◽  
Weak Evidence ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Common ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
New Hypothesis

We reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the mammal-associated endoparasitic mites belonging to 3 families, Gastronyssidae (42 species in 9 genera), Lemurnyssidae (4 species in 2 genera), and the monogeneric Pneumocoptidae (4 species) on the basis of maximum parsimony analysis of 120 morphological characters. In the strict consensus tree (all characters unordered and unweighted, Branch and Bound search option), these 3 families form a monophlyletic group with the first dichotomy between Pneumocoptidae-Lemurnyssidae and Gastronyssidae. The node joining these families is mainly supported by setal reductions. Such regressive characters alone provide relatively weak evidence for the monophyly of the group due to a greater probability of their homoplastic origin. On the other hand, the monophyly of each family is well supported by several progressive character changes. The family Gastronyssidae splits into 2 clusters. The first cluster represents the subfamily Yunkeracarinae and the second includes the subfamilies Gastronyssinae and Rodhoinyssinae. With respect to current classifications, there are 2 unexpected results in the tree: the position of the genus Gastronyssus Fain, 1955 (Gastronyssinae) within the core of the subfamily Rodhainyssinae and the polyphyly of the genus Opsonyssus Fain, 1959. The surprising placement of the genus Gastronyssus has the following explanation. In our data matrix, all distinctive derived character states characterizing this genus appear as autapomorphies and, therefore, do not affect the tree pattern. At the same time, these mites, being stomach parasites, exhibit the greatest degree of morphological reduction, including setae. Most of the character states shared with rodhainyssines are setal reductions and are of lesser reliability. The strict consensus of 14 trees obtained after successive weighting differs from the previous consensus tree mostly by the position of the genus Gastronyssus, which is the sister group to the all other rodhainyssine genera, excluding Phyllostomonyssus Fain, 1970. The genus Opsonyssus remained polyphyletic. We consider the 2 clusters observable in this tree as the subfamilies Yunkeracarinae (the genera Yunkeracarus Fain, 1957 and Sciuracarus Fain, 1964) and Gastronyssinae, respectively. The latter subfamily is divided onto 3 monophyletic lineages, which we rank as tribes: two monobasic tribes, Gastronyssini and Phyllostomonyssini tr. nov., and the tribe Rodhainyssini stat. nov., including the remaining genera, Eidolonyssus Fain, 1967, Mycteronyssus Fain, 1959, Opsonyssus, Rodhainyssus Fain, 1956, and the clade O. striatus Fain, 1967-O. phyllorhina Fain, 1959. A new genus Pseudoopsonyssus gen. nov. with species P. phyllorina (Fain, 1959) comb. nov. (type species), P. striatus (Fain, 1967) comb. nov., and P. zumpti (Fain, 1959) comb. nov. is established for this clade. The host-parasite associations of these endoparasitic mites are discussed, and a new hypothesis suggesting their secondary switching from the common ancestor of bats to myomorph rodents is proposed. Detailed taxonomic revisions of all 3 families based on examination of type materials are provided. Fifteen new species in 6 genera are described: Gastronyssus philippinensisBochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Rodhainyssus saccopteryx Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Opsonyssus pseudoindicus Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., O. pteropodi Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., O. klompeni Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., O. macroglossus Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Mycteronyssus haplonycteri Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Eidolonyssus myersi Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Yunkeracarus apomys Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Y. rattus Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Y. limnomys Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Y. lophuromys Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Y. otomys Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., Y. hylomyscus Bochkov et OConnor sp. nov., and Y. alticola Zabludovskaya sp. nov.

Phylogenetic analysis of the subfamily Hylodinae (Anura, Leptodactylidae) based on morphological characters

2005 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisca do Val ◽  
Paulo Nuin
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Maximum Parsimony ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Family

AbstractThe systematics and phylogenetic relationships of the family Leptodactylidae are controversial as is the intrafamilial phylogeny of the leptodactylids. Here we analyze the relationships of the leptodactylid subfamily Hylodinae. This subfamily has been considered to be monophyletic and composed of three genera, Hylodes, Crossodactylus and Megaelosia. In the present study 49 characters were used, based on different studies on Leptodactylidae phylogeny. Maximum parsimony methods with unweighted and successively weighted characters were used to estimate the phylogeny of the Hylodinae. Upon analysis, the data provided further evidence of the monophyletic status of the three genera, with Megaelosia being the basal genus and the other two genera being sister taxa. The analysis with successive weighting results in a more resolved topology of the species subgroups of the genus Hylodes and separates this genus from Crossodactylus and confirms that the hylodines are monophyletic.

Phylogenetic relationships in the monocot order Commelinales, with a focus on PhilydraceaeThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Issue on Systematics Research.

Botany ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 719-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffery M. Saarela ◽  
Peter J. Prentis ◽  
Hardeep S. Rai ◽  
Sean W. Graham
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Likelihood Methods ◽  
The Family ◽  
Selection Of

To characterize higher-order phylogenetic relationships among the five families of Commelinales, we surveyed multiple plastid loci from exemplar taxa sampled broadly from the order, and from other major monocot lineages. Phylogenetic inferences in Commelinales using parsimony and likelihood methods are congruent, and we find strong support for most aspects of higher-order relationship in the order. We obtain moderately strong support for the local placement of Philydraceae, a family whose position has proven particularly difficult to infer in previous studies. Commelinaceae and Hanguanaceae are sister taxa, and together they are the sister group of a clade consisting of Haemodoraceae, Philydraceae, and Pontederiaceae; Haemodoraceae and Pontederiaceae are also sister taxa. Our sampling of Philydraceae includes all three or four genera in the family; we identify Philydrella as the sister group of a Helmholtzia–Philydrum clade, a resolution that is potentially consistent with several aspects of morphology.

Comparative morphology of extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Neuroptera: Mantispidae, Rhachiberothidae) suggests a non-monophyletic Mantispidae and a single origin of the raptorial condition within the superfamily

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4992 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-89
Author(s):  
ADRIAN ARDILA-CAMACHO ◽  
CALEB CALIFRE MARTINS ◽  
ULRIKE ASPÖCK ◽  
ATILANO CONTRERAS-RAMOS
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Comparative Morphology ◽  
Sister Group ◽  
Sister Group Relationship ◽  
Wing Venation ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Family ◽  
Evolutionary Context ◽  
New Interpretation

Adult external morphology of the extant raptorial Mantispoidea (Insecta: Neuroptera: Mantispidae and Rhachiberothidae) is compared emphasizing the morphology of the subfamily Symphrasinae as a key group to understand the phylogenetic relationships among the members of the superfamily. Plega dactylota Rehn, 1939 is thoroughly characterized in order to exemplify the morphology of the Symphrasinae. Additionally, following a review of the literature and examination of comparative material of Dilaridae, Berothidae, Rhachiberothidae and all Mantispidae subfamilies, a new interpretation of the components of the raptorial apparatus (i.e., head, prothorax, grasping forelegs, as well as integumentary specializations) is presented. Also, wing venation for these groups is reinterpreted, and new homology hypotheses for wing venation are proposed based on tracheation and comparative analyses. Given the high morphological divergence on the genital sclerites within the Mantispoidea, plus the confusing previous usage of neutral terminology and terms referring to appendages across taxonomic and morphological studies, we attempt to standardize, simplify, and situate terminology in an evolutionary context under the “gonocoxite concept” (multi-coxopod hypothesis). The remarkable morphological similarity of the genital sclerites of Symphrasinae and Rhachiberothidae (sensu U. Aspöck & Mansell 1994) with the Nallachinae (Dilaridae) was taken as a starting point to understand the morphology of other Mantispidae subfamilies. Based on these morphological comparisons, we provide a revised phylogenetic analysis of Mantispoidea. This new phylogenetic analysis supports a sister group relationship between the family Rhachiberothidae, comprising Rhachiberothinae and Symphrasinae, and the family Mantispidae, including the subfamily Mantispinae and its sister taxa Drepanicinae and Calomantispinae, which may represent a single subfamily. Based on these analyses, raptorial condition probably evolved a single time in these insects and subsequently became diversified in the two sister clades of the raptorial Mantispoidea.  

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