scholarly journals "Di Ufgabn Fun Yidishizm". Debates on Modern Yiddish Culture in Interwar Poland

2015 ◽  
pp. 59-78
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Geller
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Yiddish Literature ◽  
Cultural Autonomy ◽  
Modern Reader ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
Literary Journal ◽  
Cultural Project ◽  
Target Readership

“Di Ufgabn Fun Yidishizm”. Debates on Modern Yiddish Culture in Interwar PolandModern secular Yiddish culture reached the peak of its development during the 1920s and Poland was at that time one of the main centres where Yiddish literature, theatre, press, scholarship and schools flourished. This paper outlines the basic prin­ciples of Yiddishism, a Diaspora-based national movement that saw language and cul­ture as the cornerstones of a secular Jewish identity. It also presents some of the major theoretical questions faced by its supporters. What were the goals of Yiddishism? How Jewish should Yiddish culture be? Should it simply be a culture in Yiddish or should it incorporate elements of the Jewish religious heritage? If so, which ones? Who exactly were the so-called “Jewish masses” so often referred to as the target readership/audi­ence of the modern Yiddish cultural project? How could the challenges of geographi­cal dispersion be overcome? The arguments presented in this paper are based mostly on material found in the weekly Literarishe Bleter , where these and other questions surfaced time and again. Founded in Warsaw in 1924 by a group of Yiddish writers, it was the longest lasting and probably the most influential Yiddish literary journal of the its time. Throughout the interwar period it was a place where all supporters of the Yiddish language movement crossed intellectual paths, either as collaborators or adversaries. Today, Literarishe Bleter enable its modern reader to see the complexity of what it meant to strive towards cultural autonomy in interwar Poland. Czym jest jidyszyzm? Debaty o nowoczesnej kulturze jidysz w międzywojennej Polsce Jidyszyzm, czyli projekt budowania nowoczesnej tożsamości narodowej w oparciu o kulturę jidysz, rozkwitł najpełniej w latach dwudziestych XX wieku. W tym okresie Polska była jednym z najważniejszych, o ile nie najważniejszym ośrodkiem ruchu jidyszystycznego. To tutaj rozwijała się literatura jidysz, prasa, teatr, nauka oraz szkolnictwo w tym języku. Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia podstawowe teoretyczne założenia jidyszyzmu oraz pytania, z którymi musieli zmierzyć się jego zwolennicy. Jak żydowska winna być kultura jidysz? Czy wystarczy, by była kulturą w jidysz, czy też powinna opierać się na elementach tradycji religijnej, a jeśli tak, to jakich? O kim myślano, pisząc o tzw. „masach żydowskich”, odbiorcach kultury jidysz? Czy mimo geograficznego rozproszenia mówców jidysz na pięciu kontynentach możliwe było stworzenie jednej spójnej, ponadpaństwowej kultury narodowej? Przedstawione w tym artykule rozważania międzywojennych jidyszystów pochodzą przede wszystkim z tygodnika "Literarisze Bleter", jidyszowego czasopisma literackiego założonego w Warszawie w 1924 roku przez grupę młodych pisarzy. Tygodnik ten był najdłużej wychodzącym jidyszowym czasopismem literackim w okresie międzywojennym, z czasem stał się też jednym z najbardziej opiniotwórczych periodyków. Na jego łamach spotykali się wszyscy pisarze, publicyści, działacze społeczni zaangażowani w rozwój języka oraz instytucji kultury jidysz – jedni w roli współpracowników, inni adwersarzy. Współczesnemu czytelnikowi i badaczowi polemiki z "Literarisze Bleter" odsłaniają teoretyczne i praktyczne problemy, z którymi musieli mierzyć się zwolennicy żydowskiej autonomii kulturalnej w międzywojennej Polsce.

scholarly journals Belarusian national democratic and polonophilic organizations in interwar Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 106-126
Author(s):  
Aleksandr S. Gorny
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Christian Democracy ◽  
People's Party ◽  
National Movement ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
Political Structures ◽  
Legal Forms ◽  
Soviet Historiography ◽  
Radical Left

The author of the article identifies three trends of the Belarusian national movement in the Western Belarusian lands in Poland during the interwar period: the radical left-wing, the national-democratic, and the polonophilic. The activities of the Belarusian radical left-wing in Western Belarus have been studied in detail in the Soviet historiography. There are still many gaps in the activities of Belarusian national-democratic and polonophilic political structures. Belarusian national democratic organizations in interwar Poland (The Belarusian Christian democracy, The Belarusian Peasant Union, V. Hadleuski’s group “The Belarusian front”, The Orthodox Belarusian democratic association, etc.) used in their activities legal forms of fight for the national rights of Belarusians, sought to unite Belarusian lands and to create an independent Belarusian state following the example of European republics. The polonophiles in the Belarusian movement (The Regional Union, The Temporary Belarusian Rada, The Belarusian Radical People’s Party, the Luckievich-Astrouski group, etc.) adhered to the idea of cooperation with the institutions of the Polish authorities in order to achieve national and cultural concessions for the Belarusian people. The Polonophiles did not enjoy wide support among the population and existed due to the financial help of the Polish authorities.

Organizational activities of women of Kalisz Region during the interwar period – selected aspects of social and educational activity

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 327-344
Author(s):  
Żaneta Marszałek-Trzebińska
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Rural Women ◽  
Women's Movement ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
Local Environments ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
Organizational Activities

Women's movement in interwar Poland encompassed several hundred organizations, differing among themselves by number of members, political affiliations, or programs. Aside from mass organizations, in local environments there were also women's movement structures which limited themselves to localized issues. The purpose of this article is to present the examples of formation of organizational activities among women of Kalisz Region during the interwar period, as well as social and educational efforts undertaken that have changed the awareness and attitudes of rural women.

‘Jewish Musicians are the Crowning Achievements of Foreign Nations’

2020 ◽  
pp. 309-320
Author(s):  
Julia Riegel
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Jewish Identity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Singing Voice ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
The One ◽  
Jewish Composers

This chapter discusses the treatment of the Jewish identity of various composers by the Yiddish folklorist and music critic, Menachem Kipnis. It describes Kipnis as a small, energetic man with a soft but beautiful singing voice and considered one of the most popular Jewish folklorists of interwar Poland. It also looks into Kipnis' book World-Famous Jewish Musicians, a collection of biographies of nineteenth-century composers with a Jewish background. The chapter examines the contradictions and idiosyncrasies of World-Famous Jewish Musicians compared with Kipnis's other works. It seeks to understand the balance Kipnis struck between praise for Jewish composers and quasi-nationalist emphasis on their Jewishness on the one hand, and his work as a folklorist in Poland, collecting songs from traditional, Yiddish-speaking Jews on the other.

Molodowsky, Kadya (1894–1975)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Legutko
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Jewish Identity ◽  
Female Subjectivity ◽  
Jewish Women ◽  
Literary Magazines ◽  
Yiddish Literature ◽  
First Lady ◽  
The Holocaust

Known as ‘the first lady of Yiddish literature,’ Kadya Molodowsky published continuously between 1927 and 1974. Molodowsky earned renown as a prolific poet, prose writer, playwright, essayist, and as the co-founder and editor of such Yiddish literary magazines as Svive [Milieu] (one of the first apolitical Yiddish periodicals), and Heym [Home]. Born in Bereza Kartuska, Belarus, Molodowsky made her literary debut after surviving the Kiev Pogrom in 1920. Her first book of poetry, Kheshvendikenekht, featured ‘Froyen-lider’ (‘Women-Poems’), her most famous sequence of poems addressing the modernist struggle between the newly acquired sense of female subjectivity, and the religious and societal constraints imposed on Jewish women. Kheshvendikenekht, along with her other early volumes of poetry, Mayselekh, Dzhike Gas, and Freydke, despairingly evoked the poverty and desperate situation of the Jews in Eastern Europe. Before she emigrated to New York in 1935, she developed poetry for and about children. In 1946 she published a volume of poetry, Der melekhDovidaleynizgeblibn (widely considered her finest work), dealing indirectly yet profoundly with the loss of European Jewry in the Holocaust. Throughout her oeuvre, Molodowsky explored the issues surrounding the reconciliation of the Jewish identity with modernity.

scholarly journals Królowie cygańscy w II Rzeczypospolitej. Wokół dorobku Jerzego Ficowskiego na temat sprawy cygańskiej w okresie międzywojennym

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 145-158
Author(s):  
Alicja Gontarek
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
Key Issues

Kings of the Gypsies in interwar Poland. Jerzy Ficowski’s works on the Gypsies in the interwar period The article discusses the research conducted by Jerzy Ficowski on the Kings of the Gypsies from the Kwiek clan. Finding of it have been presented in his work entitled Cyganie na polskich drogach. It also constitutes a polemic on the main theses that have been included in the aforementioned work which refers to such key issues as the cultural and linguistic origins of the Kwiek clan, their form of kingly rule, the areas and types of activities undertaken by their kingly leaders, or their alliance with Piłsudski’s block in interwar Poland.Key words: Interwar Poland; Gypsies; gypsy kings; Jerzy Ficowski; Kwieks’ family; Piłsudski’s block;

scholarly journals THE ACTIVITY OF UKRAINIAN CONSUMER COOPERATIVES IN DROHOBYCH REGION IN THE 1920‒1930s

2021 ◽  
pp. 281-292
Author(s):  
Oksana Medvid
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Economic Independence ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Historical Methods ◽  
Consumer Cooperatives

Summary. The purpose of the study is to characterize the activities of Ukrainian consumer cooperatives in the Drohobych region in the 1920s and 1930s to show their role in the economic protection of the Galician population in the interwar Poland. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, systematization, scientificity, authorial objectivity as well as the use of general scientific and special-historical methods. The scientific novelty lies in the study of the development of consumer cooperation in Drohobych in the 1920s ‒ 1930s. Conclusions. Consumer cooperation in the Drohobych region in the interwar period was represented by two organizations ‒ "Narodna Torhivlya" (People’s Trade) and "Tsentrsouz" (the Central Union). These two centers cooperated actively in order to develop economic and consumer cooperation. Ukrainian consumer cooperation in the interwar period strengthened its position aimed at improving the quality of life, strengthening the economic independence of the Ukrainians in Galicia and contributing to the growth of their national consciousness.

scholarly journals Material Security for Maritime Claims in Interwar Poland

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3 ENGLISH ONLINE VERSION) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Judyta Dworas-Kulik
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Maritime Transport ◽  
Legal Systems ◽  
Maritime Law ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
International Regulations ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High

The costs related to the construction, purchase, repairs or operation of a sea-going vessel, in particular expenses associated with port fees, fuel, crew and its maintenance during the voyage, were very high and therefore ship owners took out loans secured against their vessel or its cargo to finance the intended operations. Undoubtedly, the development of maritime transport at the turn of 20th century contributed to international unification of maritime law in respect of privileged claims on ships and maritime mortgage. The need for unification of regulations resulted from the necessity to provide creditors with real satisfaction of their claims, because the diversity of local regulations, especially the number of maritime liens created under different legal systems and the hierarchy of their application limited the importance of maritime mortgage. The content of international regulations became the basis for the development of Polish regulations concerning physical collaterals for maritime claims in the era of the Polish People’s Republic. It should be added that the maritime law of the interwar period is barely touched on in the available literature on the subject, so this study contributes to the subject of maritime claims.

ЛЕТОПИСЕЦ ВСЕРОССИЙСКОГО ЦЕРКОВНОГО СОБОРА 1917–1918 гг.

2021 ◽  
pp. 35-51
Author(s):  
Юрий Андреевич Лабынцев ◽  
Лариса Леонидовна Щавинская
Keyword(s):  
National Movement ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
History Of

Аннотация. Статья посвящена истории жизни и деятельности Вячеслава Васильевича Богдановича (1878–1939/1940) – выдающегося православного публициста, политика, педагога, организатора в межвоенной Польше особого «патриаршего прихода» – верного патриарху Тихону. Избранный от мирян Литовской епархии в состав членов Священного Собора Православной Российской Церкви 1917–1918 гг., он стал подлинным его летописцем, составителем весьма значимых воспоминаний о нем, а также создателем графической галереи портретов членов Собора, включая самого себя. Как один из признанных лидеров белорусского национального движения во II Речи Посполитой В. В. Богданович, дважды избиравшийся в польский Сенат, многое сделал для защиты религиозных начал своего народа, а также всех православных в межвоенной Польше. Abstract. The article is devoted to the history of the life and work of Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Bogdanovich (1878-1939/1940) – an outstanding Orthodox publicist, politician, teacher, organizer in interwar Poland of a special «patriarchal parish» – loyal to Patriarch Tikhon. Elected from the laity of the Lithuanian diocese as a member of the Holy Council of the Orthodox Russian Church in 1917–1918, he became its original chronicler, the compiler of very significant memories of it, as well as the creator of a graphic gallery of portraits of members of the Council, including himself. As one of the recognized leaders of the Belarusian national movement in the second Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, V. V. Bogdanovich, who was twice elected to the Polish Senate, did much to protect the religious principles of his people, as well as all Orthodox Christians in interwar Poland.

The Controversy over Former Uniate Property in Interwar Poland

1988 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-190
Author(s):  
Andrej Chojnowski
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Second Republic ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Interwar Poland

National relations in the Second Republic contained a number of problems which throughout the entire interwar period did not find an appropriate solution. Among those was the question of the Orthodox Church in Poland. Although its believers comprised over 11 percent of the country's population, up to 1938 the Polish authorities did not legally regulate the organizational and material situation of the Orthodox Church in Poland, which was founded as a unit independent of the Russian Orthodox Church after the proclamation of an autocephalous status in 1922.

scholarly journals Jewish public libraries in interwar Poland

2020 ◽  
pp. 153-167
Author(s):  
Monika Biesaga
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Structure ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Orthodox Jews ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Interwar Poland ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article presents the genesis and the organizational structure of the Jewish public libraries (also referred to as secular or modern in the literature) in interwar Poland (1918-1939). The origins of these institutions date back to the 19th century and are associated with the Haskalah movement. Due to the strong opposition of the Orthodox Jews and local authorities, the majority of the first libraries were established secretly and run illegally on private premises. Against what were then the odds, progress prevailed and the libraries flourished in the interwar period. In 1937 it was estimated that there were approximately 1,000 Jewish public libraries in Poland.  

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