Impacts of Historic Climate Variability on Seasonal Soil Frost in the Midwestern United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar Sinha ◽  
Keith A. Cherkauer ◽  
Vimal Mishra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Frost Depth

Abstract The present study examines the effects of historic climate variability on cold-season processes, including soil temperature, frost depth, and the number of frost days and freeze–thaw cycles. Considering the importance of spatial and temporal variability in cold-season processes, the study was conducted in the midwestern United States using both observations and model simulations. Model simulations used the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model (LSM) to reconstruct and to analyze changes in the long-term (i.e., 1917–2006) means of soil frost variables. The VIC model was calibrated using observed streamflow records and near-surface soil temperatures and then evaluated for streamflow, soil temperature, frost depth, and soil moisture before its application at the regional scale. Soil frost indicators—such as the number of frost days and freeze–thaw cycles—were determined from observed records and were tested for the presence of significant trends. Overall trends in extreme and mean seasonal soil temperature from 1967 onward indicated a warming of soil temperatures at a depth of 10 cm—specifically in northwest Indiana, north-central Illinois, and southeast Minnesota—leading to a reduction in the number of soil frost days. Model simulations indicated that by the late-century period (1977–2006), soil frost duration decreased by as much as 36 days compared to the midcentury period (1947–76). Spatial averages for the study area in warm years indicated shallower frost penetration by 15 cm and greater soil temperatures by about 3°C at 10-cm soil depth than in the cold years.

scholarly journals Time Series Analysis of Soil Freeze and Thaw Processes in Indiana

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar Sinha ◽  
Keith A. Cherkauer
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract Seasonal cycles of freezing and thawing influence surface energy and water cycle fluxes. Specifically, soil frost can lead to the reduction in infiltration and an increase in runoff response, resulting in a greater potential for soil erosion. An increase in the number of soil freeze–thaw cycles may reduce soil compaction, which could affect various hydrologic processes. In this study, the authors test for the presence of significant trends in soil freeze–thaw cycles and soil temperatures at several depths and compare these with other climatic variables including air temperature, snowfall, snow cover, and precipitation. Data for the study were obtained for three research stations located in northern, central, and southern Indiana that have collected soil temperature observations since 1966. After screening for significant autocorrelations, testing for trends is conducted at a significance level of 5% using Mann–Kendall’s test. Observations from 1967 to 2006 indicate that air temperatures during the cold season are increasing at all three locations, but there is no significant change in seasonal and annual average precipitation. At the central and southern Indiana sites, soil temperatures are generally warming under a bare soil surface, with significant reductions in the number of days with soil frost and freeze–thaw cycles for some depths. Meanwhile, 5-cm soils at the northernmost site are experiencing significant decreases in cold season temperatures, as an observed decrease in annual snowfall at the site is counteracting the increase in air temperature. Seasonal mean maximum soil temperatures under grass cover are increasing at the southernmost site; however, at the central site, it appears that seasonal minimum soil temperatures are decreasing and the number of freeze–thaw cycles is increasing.

Evaluating APSIM Maize, Soil Water, Soil Nitrogen, Manure, and Soil Temperature Modules in the Midwestern United States

2014 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 1025-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sotirios V. Archontoulis ◽  
Fernando E. Miguez ◽  
Kenneth J. Moore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Midwestern United States

scholarly journals Sensitivity of winter wheat yields in the Midwestern United States to future changes in climate, climate variability, and CO2 fertilization

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 73-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Southworth ◽  
RA Pfeifer ◽  
M Habeck ◽  
JC Randolph ◽  
OC Doering ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Co2 Fertilization ◽  
Midwestern United States

scholarly journals Freezing Tolerance Attributes during Spring Deacclimation for Three Asparagus Cultivars with Varying Adaptation to Southern Ontario

2016 ◽  
Vol 141 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Panjtandoust ◽  
David J. Wolyn
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Freezing Tolerance ◽  
Sucrose Concentration ◽  
Sampling Period ◽  
Asparagus Officinalis ◽  
Low Molecular Weight ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
High Concentrations

Winterhardiness in asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) may be related to proper cold acclimation and induction of freezing tolerance in the fall, levels and maintenance of freezing tolerance in the winter, and the timing of deacclimation in the spring. Premature deacclimation and the inability to reacclimate could result in crown damage from spring freeze-thaw cycles. A field experiment was conducted, replicated over 2 years, to determine how three cultivars with varying adaptation to southern Ontario deacclimate in the spring by assessing LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of plants die) and biochemical and physiological parameters associated with freezing tolerance. ‘UC 157’ (UC), the least-adapted cultivar, deacclimated after soil temperatures rose above freezing; LT50 values increased linearly over time and were unaffected by fluctuations in soil temperature. ‘Jersey Giant’ (JG), a cultivar with moderate adaptation, rapidly deacclimated with increased soil temperature but appeared to partially reacclimate as temperatures decreased. For ‘Guelph Millennium’ (GM), the most-adapted cultivar, LT50 values did not change, maintaining the greatest levels of freezing tolerance during the spring sampling period. Although LT50 values did not differ among cultivars on the first spring sampling date, ranking for freezing tolerance at the final sampling in each year was GM>JG>UC, which is consistent with adaptation. Rhizome traits were most associated with freezing tolerance and included high concentrations of low-molecular-weight fructans (LFs), glucose, and proline and low percentage water and sucrose concentration. Overall, data suggest that the timing of deacclimation and loss of freezing tolerance in the spring may significantly affect winterhardiness; cultivars that lose freezing tolerance early and cannot reacclimate could suffer most from late spring freeze-thaw cycles.

ENSO and PDO-related climate variability impacts on Midwestern United States crop yields

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 857-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chasity Henson ◽  
Patrick Market ◽  
Anthony Lupo ◽  
Patrick Guinan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Midwestern United States

scholarly journals Evaluation of SMAP Freeze/Thaw Retrieval Accuracy at Core Validation Sites in the Contiguous United States

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Kraatz ◽  
Jennifer Jacobs ◽  
Ronny Schröder ◽  
Eunsang Cho ◽  
Michael Cosh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sampling Error ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
Natural Environments ◽  
Aggregation Method ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Earth Observing System ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Trends ◽  
Good Agreement

Seasonal freeze-thaw (FT) impacts much of the northern hemisphere and is an important control on its water, energy, and carbon cycle. Although FT in natural environments extends south of 45°N, FT studies using the L-band have so far been restricted to boreal or greater latitudes. This study addresses this gap by applying a seasonal threshold algorithm to Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) data (L3_SM_P) to obtain a FT product south of 45°N (‘SMAP FT’), which is then evaluated at SMAP core validation sites (CVS) located in the contiguous United States (CONUS). SMAP landscape FT retrievals are usually in good agreement with 0–5 cm soil temperature at SMAP grids containing CVS stations (>70%). The accuracy could be further improved by taking into account specific overpass time (PM), the grid-specific seasonal scaling factor, the data aggregation method, and the sampling error. Annual SMAP FT extent maps compared to modeled soil temperatures derived from the Goddard Earth Observing System Model Version 5 (GEOS-5) show that seasonal FT in CONUS extends to latitudes of about 35–40°N, and that FT varies substantially in space and by year. In general, spatial and temporal trends between SMAP and modeled FT were similar.

scholarly journals Some Aspects of Dense Fog in the Midwestern United States

2007 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 457-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nancy E. Westcott
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Solar Insolation ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Surface Weather ◽  
The Hours ◽  
Ceiling Height ◽  
Dense Fog

Abstract To better understand dense fog events in the midwestern United States, a fog climatology was developed that examines the surface weather conditions at dense fog onset and during dense fog events, in relationship to fog duration. Surface airways hourly observations for the period 1948–96 were examined, focusing primarily on Peoria, Illinois, during the cold season (October–March). Temperature, winds, and visibility at dense fog onset did not prove to be useful in differentiating between short- (1–2 h) and long- (>5 h) duration dense fog events. However, it was found that once dense fog forms, it is more likely to persist if the horizontal visibility is 200 m (1/8 mi) or less and the ceiling height lowers to 30 m (100 ft) or less. Further, dense fog events at Peoria tend to last longer if they are widespread, that is, when many other midwestern surface airways hourly stations also report dense fog. When dense fog develops early in the night to the hours just after midnight, it is more likely to persist than when it develops later in the night or during the day. This was found to be the case for many other midwestern stations as well. Fog events forming earlier in the night may last longer because of the absence of solar insolation upon the fog layer during the night. As longer-duration fogs often become more opaque and more widespread than short-duration events, more time may be required to dissipate fog once the sun has risen. Dense fog onset time and the physical dimensions of the fog events appear to be the best predictors of fog duration considering all types of fog in the Midwest.

scholarly journals Effect of snow cover on soil frost penetration

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 287-297 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaroslav Rožnovský ◽  
Jáchym Brzezina
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Snow Depth ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Frost Penetration ◽  
Actual Height

AbstractSnow cover occurrence affects wintering and lives of organisms because it has a significant effect on soil frost penetration. An analysis of the dependence of soil frost penetration and snow depth between November and March was performed using data from 12 automated climatological stations located in Southern Moravia, with a minimum period of measurement of 5 years since 2001, which belong to the Czech Hydrometeorological institute. The soil temperatures at 5 cm depth fluctuate much less in the presence of snow cover. In contrast, the effect of snow cover on the air temperature at 2 m height is only very small. During clear sky conditions and no snow cover, soil can warm up substantially and the soil temperature range can be even higher than the range of air temperature at 2 m height. The actual height of snow is also important – increased snow depth means lower soil temperature range. However, even just 1 cm snow depth substantially lowers the soil temperature range and it can therefore be clearly seen that snow acts as an insulator and has a major effect on soil frost penetration and soil temperature range.

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