scholarly journals Time Series Analysis of Soil Freeze and Thaw Processes in Indiana

2008 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 936-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar Sinha ◽  
Keith A. Cherkauer
Keyword(s):  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract Seasonal cycles of freezing and thawing influence surface energy and water cycle fluxes. Specifically, soil frost can lead to the reduction in infiltration and an increase in runoff response, resulting in a greater potential for soil erosion. An increase in the number of soil freeze–thaw cycles may reduce soil compaction, which could affect various hydrologic processes. In this study, the authors test for the presence of significant trends in soil freeze–thaw cycles and soil temperatures at several depths and compare these with other climatic variables including air temperature, snowfall, snow cover, and precipitation. Data for the study were obtained for three research stations located in northern, central, and southern Indiana that have collected soil temperature observations since 1966. After screening for significant autocorrelations, testing for trends is conducted at a significance level of 5% using Mann–Kendall’s test. Observations from 1967 to 2006 indicate that air temperatures during the cold season are increasing at all three locations, but there is no significant change in seasonal and annual average precipitation. At the central and southern Indiana sites, soil temperatures are generally warming under a bare soil surface, with significant reductions in the number of days with soil frost and freeze–thaw cycles for some depths. Meanwhile, 5-cm soils at the northernmost site are experiencing significant decreases in cold season temperatures, as an observed decrease in annual snowfall at the site is counteracting the increase in air temperature. Seasonal mean maximum soil temperatures under grass cover are increasing at the southernmost site; however, at the central site, it appears that seasonal minimum soil temperatures are decreasing and the number of freeze–thaw cycles is increasing.

Impacts of Historic Climate Variability on Seasonal Soil Frost in the Midwestern United States

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tushar Sinha ◽  
Keith A. Cherkauer ◽  
Vimal Mishra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Climate Variability ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Cold Season ◽  
Soil Frost ◽  
Midwestern United States ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Freeze Thaw ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Frost Depth

Abstract The present study examines the effects of historic climate variability on cold-season processes, including soil temperature, frost depth, and the number of frost days and freeze–thaw cycles. Considering the importance of spatial and temporal variability in cold-season processes, the study was conducted in the midwestern United States using both observations and model simulations. Model simulations used the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) land surface model (LSM) to reconstruct and to analyze changes in the long-term (i.e., 1917–2006) means of soil frost variables. The VIC model was calibrated using observed streamflow records and near-surface soil temperatures and then evaluated for streamflow, soil temperature, frost depth, and soil moisture before its application at the regional scale. Soil frost indicators—such as the number of frost days and freeze–thaw cycles—were determined from observed records and were tested for the presence of significant trends. Overall trends in extreme and mean seasonal soil temperature from 1967 onward indicated a warming of soil temperatures at a depth of 10 cm—specifically in northwest Indiana, north-central Illinois, and southeast Minnesota—leading to a reduction in the number of soil frost days. Model simulations indicated that by the late-century period (1977–2006), soil frost duration decreased by as much as 36 days compared to the midcentury period (1947–76). Spatial averages for the study area in warm years indicated shallower frost penetration by 15 cm and greater soil temperatures by about 3°C at 10-cm soil depth than in the cold years.

TRANSFORMATIONS AND DISPOSITION OF LATE-FALL APPLIED NITROGEN DURING WINTER IN SOUTHERN SASKATCHEWAN

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 551-565
Author(s):  
F. SELLES ◽  
A. J. LEYSHON ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Organic N ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Prairie farmers are interested in applying nitrogen (N) in the fall or winter to reduce fertilizer costs and allow a better distribution of labor and machinery use. Two studies were conducted in southwestern Saskatchewan to determine the consequences of applying N in late fall. In the laboratory, fertilizer N barely penetrated into the snow at constant subzero temperatures, but under freeze-thaw conditions, urea and ammonium nitrate descended 27 cm in 3 d. In the field, ammonium nitrate and urea were applied to snow-covered and bare microplots of grass sod and cereal stubble (1981–1982) and grass sod only (1985–1986). Nitrogen from ammonium nitrate penetrated deeper into the snow than N from urea. Nitrogen recovery in April 1982 was 55–59% from ammonium nitrate and 39–51% from urea, but was near 100% for both sources on bare soil treatments in April 1986. More N was recovered when fertilizer was applied to bare than to snow-covered soil, especially during 1985–1986 when all the applied fertilizer was blown off the snow-covered plots. Mineral N generally declined from fall to spring in all treatments, probably because of denitrification and immobilization. In 1985–1986, a period of extremely low temperatures in late fall resulted in no movement or transformation of N until after early December. By late January, periods of above-zero soil temperatures resulted in substantial mineralization of soil organic N, in the fertilized plots. This apparent priming effect was attributed to perturbations in the organic matter and microbial biomass due to fertilizer application and freezing and thawing. Following this period there was a general decrease in mineral N towards spring, as observed in 1981–1982. Producers must consider the benefits of using labor and equipment more efficiently and of lower fertilizer cost in the fall against the risk of large potential N losses over winter. Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, N recovery, frozen soils, fertilizing in winter

Predicting forest soil temperatures from monthly air temperature and precipitation records

1993 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 2521-2536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiwei Yin ◽  
Paul A. Arp
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Hydrologic Model ◽  
Slope Aspect ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Clear Cutting

A process-oriented forest soil temperature model, FORSTEM, is presented. FORSTEM considers vertical heat conduction as well as freezing and thawing, and it lumps the effects of forest canopies on soil surface temperature with the surface heat transfer coefficient. It runs in conjunction with the forest hydrologic model, FORHYM. FORSTEM and FORHYM input is limited to (i) air temperature; (ii) precipitation and its snow fraction; and (iii) descriptive site information (latitude, elevation, slope, aspect, forest coverage, and soil layer thickness and texture). FORSTEM uses generalized parameters derived from existing empirical information. The model was applied to 10 different cover type–site conditions, including lawns, deciduous forests, and coniferous forests before and after clear-cutting in Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Colorado. The only model parameter we calibrated for different sites was the effective ground/air conductance ratio. The ratio was found to be a function of incoming solar radiation and vegetative area index. Differences between monthly simulations and field measurements fell within ± 1.5 °C for at least about three-quarters of the data cases at individual sites. Major exceptions occurred when temperature measurements showed no damping down the soil profile or with soils containing large air gaps between coarse rock fragments.

Soil temperatures in Egypt

1928 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. McKenzie Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Temperature Wave ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Temperature Waves ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
The Times ◽  
Maximum Air Temperature

1. The soil temperatures in Egypt at a number of depths have been recorded by means of continuous recording thermometers. In general, the records show that the amplitude of the temperature wave at the surface of the soil is considerably greater than the air temperature wave. There is, however, a considerable damping of the wave with depth, no daily variation in temperature being observed at a depth of 100 cm.2. No definite relation between the air and soil temperatures could be traced. The maximum air temperature was recorded in May and the maximum soil temperature in July.3. The amplitude of the temperature wave decreases with increase in depth. The decrease in amplitude of the soil temperature wave is not regular owing to variations in the physical properties of the soil layers. Between any two depths, the ratio of the amplitudes of the temperature waves is constant throughout the year. The amplitude of the soil temperature wave bears no relation to the amplitude of the air temperature wave.4. The time of maximum temperature at the soil surface is constant throughout the year at 1 p.m. The times of maximum temperature at depths below the surface lag behind the time of surface maximum, but they are constant throughout the year. When plotted against depth, the times of maximum at the various soil depths lie on a straight line.

scholarly journals Specifics of soil temperature under winter wheat canopy

2013 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jana Krčmáŕová ◽  
Hana Stredová ◽  
Radovan Pokorný ◽  
Tomáš Stdŕeda
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Surface Air Temperature ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the course of soil temperature under the winter wheat canopy and to determine relationships between soil temperature, air temperature and partly soil moisture. In addition, the aim was to describe the dependence by means of regression equations usable for phytopathological prediction models, crop development, and yield models. The measurement of soil temperatures was performed at the experimental field station ˇZabˇcice (Europe, the Czech Republic, South Moravia). The soil in the first experimental plot is Gleyic Fluvisol with 49-58% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm, in the second experimental plot, the soil is Haplic Chernozem with 31-32% of the content particles measuring < 0.01 mm. The course of soil temperature and its specifics were determined under winter wheat canopy during the main growth season in the course of three years. Automatic soil temperature sensors were positioned at three depths (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 m under soil surface), air temperature sensor in 0.05 m above soil surface. Results of the correlation analysis showed that the best interrelationships between these two variables were achieved after a 3-hour delay for the soil temperature at 0.05 m, 5-hour delay for 0.10 m, and 8-hour delay for 0.20 m. After the time correction, the determination coefficient reached values from 0.75 to 0.89 for the depth of 0.05 m, 0.61 to 0.82 for the depth of 0.10 m, and 0.33 to 0.70 for the depth of 0.20 m. When using multiple regression with quadratic spacing (modeling hourly soil temperature based on the hourly near surface air temperature and hourly soil moisture in the 0.10-0.40 m profile), the difference between the measured and the model soil temperatures at 0.05 m was −2.16 to 2.37 ◦ C. The regression equation paired with alternative agrometeorological instruments enables relatively accurate modeling of soil temperatures (R2 = 0.93).

scholarly journals Local Air and Soil Temperature Modeling Using Himawari 8 Satellite Imagery

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Adhia Azhar Fauzan ◽  
Komariah Komariah ◽  
Sumani Sumani ◽  
Dwi Priyo Ariyanto ◽  
Tuban Wiyoso
Keyword(s):  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Pair Correlation ◽  
Satellite Image ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Temperature Modeling ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Himawari 8 satellite image, which was launched in October 2014 and began the operational in July 2015, serves to identify and track the phenomenon of rapid changes in weather. The purpose of this research was to determine the model of local air and soil temperatures using Himawari 8 satellite image. Local air and soil temperatures information was collected from the Climatology Station of Semarang district, Central Java, Indonesia. Interpretation of the Himawari 8 satellite image was performed, as well as the statistical tests of correlation and regression, according to the sun's pseudo motion. Pair correlation and regression analysis on satellite image with air temperature; and air temperature with soil temperature (bare and grass). The results showed the satellite imagery of Himawari 8 could predict the air and soil temperatures, especially bare soil. In specific, the accuracies were higher on soil temperature at 0 (surface) and 5 cm depth. But each period produced vary accuracy, due to many weather elements had may affect the air and soil temperatures.

scholarly journals Groundcovers, Organic and Inorganic Mulches, and Masonry Surfaces Differentially Affect Establishment and Root Zone Characteristics of Urban Trees

2009 ◽  
Vol 35 (5) ◽  
pp. 232-240
Author(s):  
Michael Arnold ◽  
Garry McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Recycled Paper ◽  
Cercis Canadensis ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
Bare Soils

Three experiments investigated the effects of various groundcovers on establishment of redbuds [Cercis canadensis L. var. texensis (S. Watson) M. Hopkins ‘Alba’] and baldcypress [Taxodium distichum (L.) Rich.]. The first experiment involved eight surface treatments. Controls were bare soil. Remaining treatments were pine bark mulch; Asian jasmine [Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai]; St. Augustinegrass [Stenotaphrum secundatum (Walt.) Kuntze]; decorative gravel; recycled paper mulch; decorative brick pavers; or seasonal rotations of herbaceous annuals. Other experiments compared brick-on-sand treatments ranging in color from light blonde to dark charcoal with bare soil on establishment of redbuds or baldcypress. Most organic and living soil surface covers were preferable to bare soils, however, some inorganic surface covers were detrimental to tree growth. Paving surfaces adversely affected survival, shoot or root growth, but differences were species dependent. Soil moisture, pH, and bulk density did not appear to be limiting under pavers, but substantial seasonal fluctuations in soil temperatures were observed. Light and medium bricks reflected more photosynthetically active radiation than dark bricks or bare soil. Atmospheric temperatures were greatest above dark and medium bricks. Root growth decreased as darkness of brick color increased. Redbud survival and growth were more adversely affected than with baldcypress

Understanding mechanisms of reduced annual weed emergence in alfalfa

Weed Science ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 876-885 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. R. Huarte ◽  
R. L Benech Arnold
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Bull Thistle ◽  
Weed Emergence ◽  
Selection Of

Field experiments were carried out at the Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina (34°25′S, 58°25′W), to evaluate the possibility of reducing weed seedling emergence through the use of alfalfa cultivars with low levels of winter dormancy and by increasing plant density from 200 to 400 plants m−2. It was hypothesized that these treatments would alter the temperature regime and the red (R)–far-red (FR) ratio of radiation to which seeds were exposed. Responses to management treatments were recorded for bull thistle, cotton thistle, plumeless thistle, tall rocket, mustard, curly dock, and pigweed. During the alfalfa establishment year, pigweed and curly dock emergence was reduced by the nondormant cultivar established at high density. This reduction disappeared when soil beneath the canopy was fitted with heaters that mimicked bare-soil temperatures. Crop canopy presence during the establishment year was not effective in reducing mustard, cotton thistle, bull thistle, plumeless thistle, and tall rocket emergence. During the second and third years after crop establishment, the canopy of the nondormant alfalfa cultivar was effective in reducing germination of weed seeds placed on the soil surface during fall and winter. In contrast, the winter-dormant cultivar allowed the establishment of weeds during the winter period. These reductions in weed emergence were associated with a modification in the R–FR ratio perceived by the seeds located at the soil surface and could largely be removed by using FR filters to increase the R–FR ratio. These results suggest that the selection of a nondormant cultivar combined with an increase in plant density could effectively reduce weed populations in alfalfa.

scholarly journals Oversummer Survival of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi in Relation to Pseudosclerotial Maturity and Soil Surface Environment

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (7) ◽  
pp. 723-730 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Cox ◽  
H. Scherm
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Ground Cover ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Maturity Degree ◽  
Surface Environment

Pseudosclerotia (infected, mummified fruit) on the orchard floor act as oversummering and overwintering structures and the sole source of primary inoculum of Monilinia vaccinii-corymbosi, the causal agent of mummy berry disease of blueberry. Survival of pseudosclerotia may be affected by their maturity (degree of stromatization), which can vary considerably at the time of fruit abscission in early summer, and by variations in the soil surface environment. From July through October in 2 years, survival of pseudosclerotia of varying initial maturity (expressed as the proportion of fruit containing mature, melanized entostromata; immature, nonmelanized entostromata; or undifferentiated mycelia) was investigated in the laboratory relative to soil surface temperature and soil moisture content and in the field in relation to shading (full sun versus 50% shade) and ground cover (bare soil versus grass). In the laboratory, oversummer survival, expressed as the percentage of intact pseudosclerotia at the end of the experiment, was higher for cool soil temperatures (approximately 15°C), soils drier than field capacity, and pseudosclerotia containing mature entostromata. In the field, survival was related solely to initial maturity of pseudosclerotia and was highest for pseudosclerotia containing mature entostromata. Shading or grass ground cover did not significantly (P > 0.05) affect oversummer survival, presumably because they did not greatly modify soil temperature or soil moisture. When individual, intact pseudosclerotia were tested for viability using fluorescein diacetate staining, a linear relationship (r = 0.982, P < 0.0001, n = 90) between viable and intact pseudosclerotia was observed, supporting the use of the percentage of intact pseudosclerotia as a measure of oversummer survival.

The role of mulch and its architecture in modifying soil temperature

Soil Research ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 269 ◽  
Author(s):  
KL Bristow
Keyword(s):  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Maximum Surface ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Soil Temperatures ◽  
Maximum Surface Temperature

Both the quantity and architecture of a surface mulch affect its performance in modifying the soil microenvironment. In this paper, temperature under two simple mulch architectures is compared and contrasted with that of bare soil in a tropical environment. In mulch treatments the quantities of mulch per unit area were similar, but elements in one treatment were horizontal (forming a 5 cm layer) while in the other they were vertical (forming a 22 cm layer). Temperatures were recorded for several days as the soil dried following a storm which saturated the mulch and surface soil. The bare soil dried more rapidly than that with mulch, so that by the fourth day its hourly maximum surface temperature was 8�C higher, and that at 2 5 cm depth was 3�C higher, than soil temperatures under the mulch. Significant differences in soil temperatures under the two mulch treatments only appeared several days later, as subtle differences in the partitioning of energy by the two mulch canopies became more apparent with drier conditions. By the twelfth day, the maximum surface temperature under the vertical mulch was 7�C higher than that under the horizontal mulch. Minimum soil temperatures were never more than 2.5�C different between the bare and mulched treatments and converged with drying. In both mulch treatments, the mulch elements near the soil surface experienced greater temperature extremes than those at the top of the mulch layer. The range in element temperature was slightly greater in the horizontal mulch treatment than in the vertical mulch treatment, where the element temperatures were more closely tied to air temperatures. The first few days following rain are crucial for seedling establishment in the semi-arid tropics and it appears from this study that mulch architecture is of minor importance during this period.

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