scholarly journals Typhoon Type Index: A New Index for Understanding the Rain or Wind Characteristics of Typhoons and Its Application to Agricultural Losses and Crop Vulnerability

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (5) ◽  
pp. 973-989
Author(s):  
Yuan-Chien Lin ◽  
Wen-Hsin Wang ◽  
Chun-Yeh Lai ◽  
Yong-Qing Lin
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Leafy Vegetables ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Bamboo Shoots ◽  
Typhoon Intensity ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Different Characteristics

AbstractHeavy rainfall and strong wind are the two main sources of disasters that are caused by tropical cyclones (TCs), and typhoons with different characteristics may induce different agricultural losses. Traditionally, the classification of typhoon intensity has not considered the amount of rainfall. Here, we propose a novel approach to calculate the typhoon type index (TTI). A positive TTI represents a “wind type” typhoon, where the overall damage in a certain area from TCs is dominated by strong wind. On the other hand, a negative TTI represents a “rain type” typhoon, where the overall damage in a certain area from TCs is dominated by heavy rainfall. From the TTI, the vulnerability of crop losses from different types of typhoons can be compared and explored. For example, Typhoon Kalmaegi (2008) was classified as a rain-type typhoon (TTI = −1.22). The most affected crops were oriental melons and leafy vegetables. On the contrary, Typhoon Soudelor (2015) was classified as a significant wind-type typhoon in most of Taiwan (TTI = 1.83), and the damaged crops were mainly bananas, bamboo shoots, pomelos, and other crops that are easily blown off by strong winds. Through the method that is proposed in this study, we can understand the characteristics of each typhoon that deviate from the general situation and explore the damages that are mainly caused by strong winds or heavy rainfall at different locations. This approach can provide very useful information that is important for the disaster analysis of different agricultural products.

scholarly journals Events of Heavy Rainfall and Strong Winds in Sao Paulo State, Brazil

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Sergio H. Franchito ◽  
V. Brahmananda Rao ◽  
Manoel A. Gan ◽  
Clovis M. E. Santo ◽  
Jorge C. Conforte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Extreme Event ◽  
Austral Summer ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Wind Data ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Paulo State ◽  
São Paulo State ◽  
Strong Winds

<p class="zhengwen">The relationships of strong winds and heavy rainfall in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, was investigated. Wind data from Project Elektro/Climatico collected by thirteen Platforms of Data Collection were used. The results showed that in the west sector the occurrence of strong winds was higher in the center and south areas and decreased northwards. In the central sector the occurrence of strong wind episodes was higher southwards while in the litoral it was lower due to probably the lack of wind data collected during the austral summer. In Teodoro Sampaio, Andradina, Santa Rita d'Oeste, Votuporanga (west), Rio Claro, Tatui (central) and Ubatuba (litoral) 15, 18, 28, 12, 11, 7 and 3 extreme events occurred, respectively (maximum wind higher than 20 ms<sup>-1</sup> together with rainfall higher than 25 mm day<sup>-1</sup>). A case study of an episode of extreme event which occurred in Andradina on 15 October 2009 was examined. Heavy rainfall accompanied with high winds and strong divergence at 200 hPa and ascending motion were observed in the region due to intense convection along a cold front that moved fast over Sao Paulo State.</p>The identification of regions with strong winds and their relation with heavy precipitation must drive electrical energy generation and distribution what is important nowadays. So, the main importance of this research is its applicability to the energy sector.

scholarly journals Strong Wind Characteristics and Buffeting Response of a Cable-Stayed Bridge under Construction

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 1228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yan ◽  
Lei Ren ◽  
Xuhui He ◽  
Siying Lu ◽  
Hui Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Measurements ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Vertical Acceleration ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Buffeting Response ◽  
Cable Stayed Bridge ◽  
Wind Characteristics ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Under Construction ◽  
Turbulence Parameters

This study carries out a detailed full-scale investigation on the strong wind characteristics at a cable-stayed bridge site and associated buffeting response of the bridge structure during construction, using a field monitoring system. It is found that the wind turbulence parameters during the typhoon and monsoon conditions share a considerable amount of similarity, and they can be described as the input turbulence parameters for the current wind-induced vibration theory. While the longitudinal turbulence integral scales are consistent with those in regional structural codes, the turbulence intensities and gust factors are less than the recommended values. The wind spectra obtained via the field measurements can be well approximated by the von Karman spectra. For the buffeting response of the bridge under strong winds, its vertical acceleration responses at the extreme single-cantilever state are significantly larger than those in the horizontal direction and the increasing tendencies with mean wind velocities are also different from each other. The identified frequencies of the bridge are utilized to validate its finite element model (FEM), and these field-measurement acceleration results are compared with those from the FEM-based numerical buffeting analysis with measured turbulence parameters.

scholarly journals A methodology to conduct wind damage field surveys for high-impact weather events of convective origin

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 1513-1531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oriol Rodríguez ◽  
Joan Bech ◽  
Juan de Dios Soriano ◽  
Delia Gutiérrez ◽  
Salvador Castán
Keyword(s):  
Field Studies ◽  
High Impact ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
High Impact Weather ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Wind Events ◽  
The One

Abstract. Post-event damage assessments are of paramount importance to document the effects of high-impact weather-related events such as floods or strong wind events. Moreover, evaluating the damage and characterizing its extent and intensity can be essential for further analysis such as completing a diagnostic meteorological case study. This paper presents a methodology to perform field surveys of damage caused by strong winds of convective origin (i.e. tornado, downburst and straight-line winds). It is based on previous studies and also on 136 field studies performed by the authors in Spain between 2004 and 2018. The methodology includes the collection of pictures and records of damage to human-made structures and on vegetation during the in situ visit to the affected area, as well as of available automatic weather station data, witness reports and images of the phenomenon, such as funnel cloud pictures, taken by casual observers. To synthesize the gathered data, three final deliverables are proposed: (i) a standardized text report of the analysed event, (ii) a table consisting of detailed geolocated information about each damage point and other relevant data and (iii) a map or a KML (Keyhole Markup Language) file containing the previous information ready for graphical display and further analysis. This methodology has been applied by the authors in the past, sometimes only a few hours after the event occurrence and, on many occasions, when the type of convective phenomenon was uncertain. In those uncertain cases, the information resulting from this methodology contributed effectively to discern the phenomenon type thanks to the damage pattern analysis, particularly if no witness reports were available. The application of methodologies such as the one presented here is necessary in order to build homogeneous and robust databases of severe weather cases and high-impact weather events.

Strong wind characteristics and turbulence

2020 ◽  
pp. 77-116
Author(s):  
John D. Holmes ◽  
Seifu A. Bekele
Keyword(s):  
Strong Wind ◽  
Wind Characteristics

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HIMAWARI-8-DERIVED OVERSHOOTING TOPS AND EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

2016 ◽  
Vol XLI-B7 ◽  
pp. 325-327
Author(s):  
H. M. Park ◽  
M. A. Kim ◽  
J. Im
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Rainfall ◽  
Rain Rate ◽  
Deep Convection ◽  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Extreme Weather Events ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Machine Learning Methods ◽  
Weather Events ◽  
Strong Convection

Severe weathers such as heavy rainfall, floods, strong wind, and lightning are closely related with the strong convection activities of atmosphere. Overshooting tops sometimes occur by deep convection above tropopause, penetrating into the lower stratosphere. Due to its high potential energy, the detection of OT is crucial to understand the climatic phenomena. Satellite images are useful to detect the dynamics of atmospheric conditions using cloud observation. This study used machine learning methods for extracting OTs. The reference cases were built using CloudSat, CALIPSO, and Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) data with Himawari-8 imagery. As reference cases, 11 OT events were detected. The aim of this study is the investigation of relationship between OTs cases and the occurrences of heavy rainfall. For investigation of OT effects, TRMM daily rain rate data (mm/hr) were collected and averaged at 25 km intervals until 250km from the center of OT cases. As the result, precipitation rate clearly coincides with the distance from the center of OT occurrence.

scholarly journals Distinguishing the Cold Conveyor Belt and Sting Jet Airstreams in an Intense Extratropical Cyclone

2014 ◽  
Vol 142 (8) ◽  
pp. 2571-2595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Martínez-Alvarado ◽  
Laura H. Baker ◽  
Suzanne L. Gray ◽  
John Methven ◽  
Robert S. Plant
Keyword(s):  
Weather Prediction ◽  
Conveyor Belt ◽  
Numerical Weather Prediction Model ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Mesoscale Structures ◽  
Mesoscale Structure ◽  
Chemical Tracer ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
First Time

Abstract Strong winds equatorward and rearward of a cyclone core have often been associated with two phenomena: the cold conveyor belt (CCB) jet and sting jets. Here, detailed observations of the mesoscale structure in this region of an intense cyclone are analyzed. The in situ and dropsonde observations were obtained during two research flights through the cyclone during the Diabatic Influences on Mesoscale Structures in Extratropical Storms (DIAMET) field campaign. A numerical weather prediction model is used to link the strong wind regions with three types of “airstreams” or coherent ensembles of trajectories: two types are identified with the CCB, hooking around the cyclone center, while the third is identified with a sting jet, descending from the cloud head to the west of the cyclone. Chemical tracer observations show for the first time that the CCB and sting jet airstreams are distinct air masses even when the associated low-level wind maxima are not spatially distinct. In the model, the CCB experiences slow latent heating through weak-resolved ascent and convection, while the sting jet experiences weak cooling associated with microphysics during its subsaturated descent. Diagnosis of mesoscale instabilities in the model shows that the CCB passes through largely stable regions, while the sting jet spends relatively long periods in locations characterized by conditional symmetric instability (CSI). The relation of CSI to the observed mesoscale structure of the bent-back front and its possible role in the cloud banding is discussed.

A measurement method for the overturning coefficient of high-speed trains passing through complex terrain sections under strong wind conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 234 (8) ◽  
pp. 885-895
Author(s):  
Zhaijun Lu ◽  
Weijia Huang ◽  
Mu Zhong ◽  
Dongrun Liu ◽  
Tian Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Real Time Monitoring ◽  
Monitoring Method ◽  
High Speed Trains ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Pass Through

Real-time monitoring of overturning coefficients is very important for ensuring the safety of high-speed trains passing through complex terrain sections under strong wind conditions. In recent years, the phenomenon of “car swaying” that occurs when trains pass through the complex terrain has brought new challenges to ensuring the safety and riding comfort of passengers. In China, more and more high-speed trains are facing strong wind environments when running in complex terrain sections. However, due to the limitation of objective conditions, so far, only a few economical and effective methods of measurement have been developed that are suitable for real-time monitoring of the overturning coefficient of commercial vehicles. Therefore, considering the applicability and universality of such a monitoring method, this study presents a method for measuring the overturning coefficient of trains using the primary suspension system under strong winds. A vehicle test was carried out to verify the accuracy of the method. The results show that after correction, the overturning coefficient obtained from the primary suspension system is generally consistent with the overturning coefficient obtained from the instrumented wheelset. The method of measuring the overturning coefficient of trains in strong wind environments with the primary suspension system is, thus, proven feasible.

scholarly journals Cloud photogrammetry with dense stereo for fisheye cameras

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (22) ◽  
pp. 14231-14248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Beekmans ◽  
Johannes Schneider ◽  
Thomas Läbe ◽  
Martin Lennefer ◽  
Cyrill Stachniss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stereo Matching ◽  
Geometric Constraints ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Cloud Base ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
First Case ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Stereo Reconstruction ◽  
Fisheye Lenses

Abstract. We present a novel approach for dense 3-D cloud reconstruction above an area of 10 × 10 km2 using two hemispheric sky imagers with fisheye lenses in a stereo setup. We examine an epipolar rectification model designed for fisheye cameras, which allows the use of efficient out-of-the-box dense matching algorithms designed for classical pinhole-type cameras to search for correspondence information at every pixel. The resulting dense point cloud allows to recover a detailed and more complete cloud morphology compared to previous approaches that employed sparse feature-based stereo or assumed geometric constraints on the cloud field. Our approach is very efficient and can be fully automated. From the obtained 3-D shapes, cloud dynamics, size, motion, type and spacing can be derived, and used for radiation closure under cloudy conditions, for example. Fisheye lenses follow a different projection function than classical pinhole-type cameras and provide a large field of view with a single image. However, the computation of dense 3-D information is more complicated and standard implementations for dense 3-D stereo reconstruction cannot be easily applied. Together with an appropriate camera calibration, which includes internal camera geometry, global position and orientation of the stereo camera pair, we use the correspondence information from the stereo matching for dense 3-D stereo reconstruction of clouds located around the cameras. We implement and evaluate the proposed approach using real world data and present two case studies. In the first case, we validate the quality and accuracy of the method by comparing the stereo reconstruction of a stratocumulus layer with reflectivity observations measured by a cloud radar and the cloud-base height estimated from a Lidar-ceilometer. The second case analyzes a rapid cumulus evolution in the presence of strong wind shear.

Copula-Based Approach to Construct a Joint Probabilistic Model of Earthquakes and Strong Winds

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Nan Li ◽  
Xiao-Wei Zheng ◽  
Chao Li
Keyword(s):  
Structural Response ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Cumulative Distribution ◽  
Strong Wind ◽  
Engineering Structures ◽  
Ground Acceleration ◽  
Multiple Hazards ◽  
Story Drift ◽  
Strong Winds ◽  
Extreme Hazards

Current structural design codes usually treat multiple hazards separately, and probabilistic backbones are rare for extreme hazard combinations, e.g., earthquake and strong wind, which may cause unforeseen damage to engineering structures exposed to multiple extreme hazards during their lifecycles. This study presents an innovative copula-based approach to construct the joint cumulative distribution function (JCDF) of the peak ground acceleration (PGA) and strong wind speed ([Formula: see text]). Six commonly used Archimedean copulas are applied to bond the JCDF with the corresponding marginal cumulative distribution functions (MCDFs) of PGA and [Formula: see text]. A total of 76 low-probability-high-consequence extreme events with a simultaneously occurring earthquake and strong wind are abstracted from data recorded from 1971–2017 in Dali Prefecture, China. The statistical analysis results show that the Frechet and truncated Weibull distributions are the optimal expressions for the marginal distributions of PGA and [Formula: see text], respectively, while the Joe Archimedean copula can yield good JCDF estimation. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to establish a target dependent multihazard database that can be used for the performance-based design of engineering structures against multiple natural hazards. A high-rise building is used to study the performance under the multihazard of an earthquake and strong wind. The results show that the maximum inter-story drift ratio of the building under multiple hazards increases by 14.4–21.3% compared with the structural response induced by an earthquake alone.

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