RNA-seq and phytohormone analysis reveals the culm color variation of Bambusa oldhamii Munro

Background The clumping bamboo Bambusa oldhamii Munro, known as “green bamboo”, is famous for its edible bamboo shoots and fast-growing timber. The green and yellow striped-culm B. oldhamii variety, named B. oldhamii f. revoluta W.T. Lin & J. Y. Lin, is an attractive system for researching the culm color variation of B. oldhamii. Methods Millions of clean reads were generated and assembled into 604,900 transcripts, and 383,278 unigenes were acquired with RNA-seq technology. The quantification of ABA, IAA, JA, GA1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 was performed using HPLC–MS/MS platforms. Results Differential expression analysis showed that 449 unigenes were differentially expressed genes (DEGs), among which 190 DEGs were downregulated and 259 DEGs were upregulated in B. oldhamii f. revoluta. Phytohormone contents, especially GA1 and GA7, were higher in B. oldhamii. Approximately 21 transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed between the two groups: the bZIP, MYB, and NF-YA transcription factor families had the most DEGs, indicating that those TFs play important roles in B. oldhamii culm color variation. RNA-seq data were confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the selected genes; moreover, phytohormone contents, especially those of ABA, GA1 and GA7, were differentially accumulated between the groups. Our study provides a basal gene expression and phytohormone analysis of B. oldhamii culm color variation, which could provide a solid fundamental theory for investigating bamboo culm color variation.

The Effect of Guttation on the Growth of Bamboo Shoots

Guttation is the process of exudating droplets from the tips, edges, and adaxial and abaxial surfaces of the undamaged leaves. Guttation is a natural and spontaneous biological phenomenon that occurs in a wide variety of plants. Despite its generally positive effect on plant growth, many aspects of this cryptic process are unknown. In this study, the guttation phenomenon characteristic of bamboo shoots and the anatomical feature of these and culm sheaths were systematically observed. In addition, the water transport pathway and the compounds in guttation droplets of bamboo shoots were analyzed, and the effect of bamboo sheaths’ guttation on the growth of bamboo shoots was assessed. The results revealed that bamboo shoots began to exudate liquid in the evening through to the next morning, during which period the volume of guttation liquid gradually increases and then decreases before sunrise. Many vascular bundles are in bamboo shoots and culm sheaths to facilitate this water transport. The exudate liquid contains organic acids, sugars, and hormones, among other compounds. Our findings suggest that the regular guttation of the sheath blade is crucial to maintain the normal growth of bamboo shoots.

Karakteristik Granul Ekstrak Rebung Apus (Gigantochloa apus) Dengan Metode Granulasi Basah

Apus shoots (Gigantochloa apus) is a plant that can be used as an appetite enhancer, because it contains curcumin compounds in it. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, dietary fiber has a very important function in the body, which can make children full and facilitate the digestive system. Children's diet with sufficient fiber, can prevent constipation (difficult bowel movements). The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of the granules of apus shoots (Gigantochloa apus) extract that met the physical requirements of good granules. The research method for making granules of apus shoots (Gigantochloa apus) extract was wet granulation. The data obtained from this study is that the 1st granule formula is the optimal formula among the three formulas tested because the flow is faster, namely 23.47 gr/second so that the angle of repose is getting smaller, namely 30.02⁰ and the compressibility of 7% obtained is small so that the granules are smaller got good.Key words : Bamboo shoots Extract, Granules, Wet Granulation. AbstrakTanaman rebung apus (Gigantochloa apus) merupakan tanaman yang dapat digunakan sebagai penambah nafsu makan, karena mengandung senyawa kurkumin didalamnya. Menurut American Academy Ofpediatrics, Serat pangan memiliki fungsi yang sangat penting dalam tubuh yaitu dapat membuat anak kenyang dan memperlancar sistem pencernaan. Pola makan anak dengan serat yang cukup, bisa mencegah sembelit (susah buang air besar). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik granul ekstrak rebung apus (Gigantochloa apus) yang memenuhi persyaratan fisik granul yang baik. Metode penelitian pada pembuatan granul ekstrak rebung apus (Gigantochloa apus) adalah granulasi basah. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini adalah formula granul ke 1 merupakan formula yang optimal diantara tiga formula yang diuji karena sifat aliran lebih cepat yaitu 23,47 gr/detik sehingga sudut diam semakin kecil yaitu 30,02⁰ dan kompresibilitas 7% yang didapatkan kecil sehingga granul yang didapat baik.Kata kunci : Ekstrak Rebung apus, Granul, Granulasi Basah.

Changes of Main Nutrient Components and Volatile Flavor Substances in Processing of Canned Bamboo Shoots

Canned bamboo shoots, a popular endurable storage product preserved by canning, can be used directly as a raw material for preparing dishes and processing many other downstream products. Fermentation and high temperature sterilization are decisive for product quality. During 3 days of fermentation at 25 °C, the protein and total amino acids of bamboo shoots increased remarkably and the total phenols changed a little. After steam sterilization, the total sugar decreased by 56.82%, and the protein of bamboo shoots decreased from 2.41 ± 0.04 g/100 g to 2.03 ± 0.30 g/100 g. The process significantly increased from zero the total sugar, protein and total amino acids in sterilization bamboo shoots soaking solution. GC-MS-ROAV was used for the detection of volatile flavor substances (VFCs) of bamboo shoots and soaking solution in the four processing stages. Fermented bamboo shoots after 72 h showed a strong aroma of orange oil, which was the evaluator’s preferred aroma. In the process of sterilization, Maillard reaction leads to the increase of pyrazines and furans in bamboo shoots and soaking solution, including dibenzofuran, furaneol, trimethyl-pyrazine and 2,3-dimethyl-pyrazine. Due to these volatile flavor components, the sterilized bamboo shoots spread a light caramel and cocoa flavor.

Identification and expression analysis of the glycosyltransferase GT43 family members in bamboo reveal their potential function in xylan biosynthesis during rapid growth

Background Xylan is one of the most abundant hemicelluloses and can crosslink cellulose and lignin to increase the stability of cell walls. A number of genes encoding glycosyltransferases play vital roles in xylan biosynthesis in plants, such as those of the GT43 family. However, little is known about glycosyltransferases in bamboo, especially woody bamboo which is a good substitute for timber. Results A total of 17 GT43 genes (PeGT43–1 ~ PeGT43–17) were identified in the genome of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis), which belong to three subfamilies with specific motifs. The phylogenetic and collinearity analyses showed that PeGT43s may have undergone gene duplication, as a result of collinearity found in 12 pairs of PeGT43s, and between 17 PeGT43s and 10 OsGT43s. A set of cis-acting elements such as hormones, abiotic stress response and MYB binding elements were found in the promoter of PeGT43s. PeGT43s were expressed differently in 26 tissues, among which the highest expression level was found in the shoots, especially in the rapid elongation zone and nodes. The genes coexpressed with PeGT43s were annotated as associated with polysaccharide metabolism and cell wall biosynthesis. qRT–PCR results showed that the coexpressed genes had similar expression patterns with a significant increase in 4.0 m shoots and a peak in 6.0 m shoots during fast growth. In addition, the xylan content and structural polysaccharide staining intensity in bamboo shoots showed a strong positive correlation with the expression of PeGT43s. Yeast one-hybrid assays demonstrated that PeMYB35 could recognize the 5′ UTR/promoter of PeGT43–5 by binding to the SMRE cis-elements. Conclusions PeGT43s were found to be adapted to the requirement of xylan biosynthesis during rapid cell elongation and cell wall accumulation, as evidenced by the expression profile of PeGT43s and the rate of xylan accumulation in bamboo shoots. Yeast one-hybrid analysis suggested that PeMYB35 might be involved in xylan biosynthesis by regulating the expression of PeGT43–5 by binding to its 5′ UTR/promoter. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of PeGT43s in moso bamboo and lays a foundation for further functional analysis of PeGT43s for xylan biosynthesis during rapid growth.

In-Vitro Study of Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative activity of Cyanogenic glycoside extracted from Bamboo shoot of Bambusa arundinacea

Bambusa arundinacea is a common bamboo species found in Andaman and Nicobar islands. There are over 1200 species of bamboo belonging to 75 genera which has been documented worldwide. Bamboo plants especially the leaves and shoots are known to have cyanogenic glycosides like taxiphyllin and amygdalin apart from vitamin C and other components. Immature bamboo shoots are consumed as vegetable in several asian countries. In the present study the crude extract of Bambusa arundinacea in various solvents was performed. Further preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract was done. Based the results of phytochemical screening, methanol extract was selected for further study. HPLC analysis was done confirm the presence of Amygdalin. GC-MS Analysis of methanol extract of B.arundinacea shows the presence of 40 compounds. The major compounds found in the methanol extracts based on the retension time were beta.-Sitosterol; 2-Methyl-7-phenylindole, 1-(Methylamino)anthraquinone, (R)-(-)-14-Methyl-8-hexadecyn-1-ol and 2-Ethylbutyric acid, nonadecyl ester. Antimicrobial activity of the extracts were tested using two Gram positive bacteria namely S. aureus and pneumonia and two Gram negative bacteria viz. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutant. The zone of inhibition was maximum in acetone and ethylacetate extracts while it was minimum for methanol extract. This might be due to the presence of taxiphyllin in the acetone and ethylacetate extract which are relatively non-polar as compared to methanol. To determine whether the inhibition of cell proliferation by methanolic extract from bamboo shoot was due to the induction of apoptosis, PC3 cell exposed to methanol extract were stained with acridine orange/ethidium bromide. The results show that at dose of 150 μg/mL, methanolic extract showed increased percentages of early apoptotic cells. Based on the results of the study, methanol extract of Bambusa arundinacea is a rich source of secondary metabolites, with presence of high levels of flavanoids and tannins. Presence of amygdalin in methanol extract is confirmed by HPLC analysis. Though the extract has a comparatively low antimicrobial activity yet the high anti-apoptotic activity of the extract coupled with a rich antioxidant ativity makes it an ideal candidate as a source of drug for cancer therapy.

Biomass Estimation, Nutrient Content, and Decomposition Rate of Shoot Sheath in Moso Bamboo Forest of Yixing Forest Farm, China

The biomass, nutrient content and decomposition rate of shoot sheaths remain unexplored in the study of Moso bamboo forests. The rapid growth of shoots means many bamboo sheaths are produced each year, and therefore should not be neglected in the study of the Moso bamboo ecosystem. In our study, we selected 160 bamboo shoots of different sizes in Yixing forest farm, Jiangsu Province. Our analysis was based on the allometric growth equation, using diameter at breast height (DBH), internode length of bamboo at breast height (IL), and bamboo height (H) as independent variables to establish the biomass model of shoot sheaths using all samples. In addition, we also measured the nutrient content of shoots and estimated the decomposition rate of shoots by setting up litter decomposition bags. Our results found that logarithmic regression should be used to fit the biomass model of shoot sheaths. From the perspective of practical application, model W3 fitting DBH and IL was determined. The order of the nutrient elements in the shoot sheath is C > N > K > P. Decomposition tests showed that it took 0.47 years for 50% of sheaths to decompose, and 3.15 years for all sheaths to decompose.