scholarly journals Long Memory and Time Trends in Particulate Matter Pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) in the 50 U.S. States

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Gil-Alana ◽  
OlaOluwa S. Yaya ◽  
Oladapo G. Awolaja ◽  
Lorenzo Cristofaro
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Long Memory ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Quality Regulation ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Negative Time ◽  
Daily Time

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of the time series behavior of the air quality in the 50 U.S. states by looking at the statistical properties of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) datasets. We use long daily time series of outdoor air quality indices to examine issues such as the degree of persistence as well as the existence of time trends in data. For this purpose, we use a long-memory fractionally integrated framework. The results show significant negative time trend coefficients in a number of states and evidence of long memory in the majority of the cases. In general, we observe heterogeneous results across counties though we notice higher degrees of persistence in the states on the west with respect to those on the east, where there is a general decreasing trend. It is hoped that the findings in the paper will continue to assist in quantitative evidence-based air quality regulation and policies.

scholarly journals Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzane S. de Sá ◽  
Brett B. Palm ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
Douglas A. Day ◽  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
The City

Abstract. Fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality is an understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM). The central Amazon basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas- and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the T3 research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented on average 79 ± 7 % of the non-refractory PM1 mass concentration, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. The organic PM1 was, however, considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73 ± 15 % of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27 ± 15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NOy, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct airmass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd-2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25 % to 200 % under polluted compared to background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO2-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of pre-existing atmospheric PM can be accelerated. The combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests.

scholarly journals Shipping emissions in the Iberian Peninsula and the impacts on air quality

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 9473-9489
Author(s):  
Rafael A. O. Nunes ◽  
Maria C. M. Alvim-Ferraz ◽  
Fernando G. Martins ◽  
Fátima Calderay-Cayetano ◽  
Vanessa Durán-Grados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Quality Guidelines ◽  
Marine Traffic ◽  
Shipping Traffic ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Air Quality Guidelines

Abstract. Marine traffic has been identified as a relevant source of pollutants, which cause known negative effects on air quality. The Iberian Peninsula is a central point in the connection of shipping traffic between the Americas, Africa, and the rest of Europe. To estimate the effects of shipping emissions inland and around the Iberian Peninsula, the EMEP/MSC-W model was run considering and not considering shipping emissions (obtained with STEAM3). Total estimated emissions of CO, CO2, SOx, NOx, and particulate matter (subdivided into elementary carbon – EC, organic carbon – OC, sulfate, and ash) for the study domain in 2015 were respectively 49, 30 000, 360, 710, 4.5, 11, 32, and 3.3 kt yr−1. Shipping emissions increased SO2 and NO2 concentrations, especially near port areas, and also increased the O3, sulfate, and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) concentrations over the entire Iberian Peninsula coastline (especially in the south coastal region). Shipping emissions were responsible for exceedances of WHO air quality guidelines for PM2.5 in areas far from the coastline, which confirms that shipping emissions can contribute negatively to air quality, both in coastal and inland areas.

scholarly journals An Assessment of the On-Road Mobile Sources Contribution to Particulate Matter Air Pollution by AERMOD Dispersion Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12748
Author(s):  
Jozef Salva ◽  
Miroslav Vanek ◽  
Marián Schwarz ◽  
Milada Gajtanska ◽  
Peter Tonhauzer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Quality Management ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Dispersion Model ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Air Quality Management ◽  
Mobile Sources ◽  
Ambient Pollution ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

On-road mobile sources of emissions make important contributions to particulate matter pollution (PM2.5–PM10) in cities. The quantification of such pollution is, however, highly challenging due to the number of interacting factors that affect emissions such as vehicle category, emission standard, vehicle speed and weather conditions. The proper identification of individual sources of emission is particularly necessary for air quality management areas. In this study, we estimated exhaust and non-exhaust traffic-related PM2.5 and PM10 contributions to total ambient pollution in Banská Bystrica (Slovak republic) by simulation based on the AERMOD dispersion model. Emission rates of particular vehicle categories were obtained through vehicle population statistics, traffic data survey and emission factors from the EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebook. Continuous PM10 and PM2.5 data from air quality monitoring stations were analysed for the years 2019–2020 and compared with modelled concentrations. The annual concentration values of PM2.5 and PM10 in the study area reached 16.71 μg/m3 and 15.57 μg/m3, respectively. We found that modelled PM2.5 peak concentration values exceeded the WHO air quality guideline annual mean limit. Traffic-related PM2.5 and PM10 contributions to ambient pollution at the reference point located nearby to a busy traffic route were approximately 25% and 17%, respectively. The reference point located outside the main transport corridors showed an approximately 11% contribution, both for PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. The simulations showed that PM pollution is greatly contributed to by on-road mobile sources of emissions in the study area, and especially non-exhaust emissions, which require serious attention in association with their health impacts and the selection of Banská Bystrica as an air quality management area.

scholarly journals A New Multipollutant, No-Threshold Air Quality Health Index Based on Short-Term Associations Observed in Daily Time-Series Analyses

2008 ◽  
Vol 58 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Stieb ◽  
Richard T. Burnett ◽  
Marc Smith-Doiron ◽  
Orly Brion ◽  
Hwashin Hyun Shin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Health Index ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Daily Time Series ◽  
Quality Health ◽  
Time Series Analyses ◽  
Air Quality Health Index ◽  
Daily Time

SMOG IN BIALYSTOK IN POLAND. DATA OF PM 2.5 AND PM 10 PARTICULATE MATTER IN OUTDOOR AIR MEASURED IN 2017-2018 BY "THE LABORATORY OF ENERGY-EFFICIENT ARCHITECTURE AND RENEWABLE ENERGIES" AT FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE OF BIALYSTOK UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Turecki
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Renewable Energies ◽  
Air Quality Index ◽  
University Of Technology ◽  
Energy Efficient Architecture ◽  
The Government ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10

The differences between what in the winter 2017 was presented by the government measurement station of air quality, belonging to the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (CIEP) in Bialystok in Poland, and what the citizens could see and smell, were the reason for installing the monitoring system of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter, in the "Laboratory of Energy-efficient Architecture and Renewable Energies" (LEARE) at the Faculty of Architecture of Bialystok University of Technology. The measurements were compared with done by CIEP and the information of “The World Air Quality Index” (WAQI). This project started in 2007. It is proving a transparent Air Quality information for more than 70 countries, covering more than 9000 stations in 600 major cities. Since 16 Nov 2017, data was also downloaded from the new European Air Quality Index (EAQI) website, created by the European Environment Agency (EEA). From the beginning of 2018, data from the public-private service AIRLY was added to the study. They installed four online dust meters in Bialystok. The density of the dust measurement network was still insufficient, so the mobile measurements were started. Recently, the use of a drone equipped with a dust meter for tests at various heights has begun. Measurements denies EAQI presentation of so good air quality in Bialystok. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10 are often much higher than those presented by EAQI and CIEP. Government measuring station, located in the center of Bialystok, poorly reflect air pollution in peripheral districts.

scholarly journals Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 12185-12206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzane S. de Sá ◽  
Brett B. Palm ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
Douglas A. Day ◽  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
The City

Abstract. An understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) is fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality. The central Amazon Basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas- and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the “T3” research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented 79±7 % of the non-refractory PM1 mass concentration on average, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. However, the organic PM1 was considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73±15 % of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27±15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NOy, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct air mass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd-2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25 % to 200 % under polluted compared with background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO2-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of preexisting atmospheric PM can be accelerated. This combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests.

scholarly journals Simulation of the Impact of Urban Forest Scale on PM2.5 and PM10 based on System Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 5998
Author(s):  
Zhou ◽  
Liu ◽  
Zhou ◽  
Xia
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Urban Forest ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
The Impact

In the context of ecological civil construction in China, afforestation is highly valued. Planting trees can improve air quality in China's large cities. However, there is a lack of scientific analysis quantifying the impact urban forest scale has on the air quality, and what scale is advisable. The problem still exists of subjective decision-making in afforestation. Similar studies have rarely analyzed the long-term effect research of urban forests on air improvement. Using as an example, the city of Wuhan, this paper identifies the regularity between particulate matter concentration and adsorption of sample leaves, and establishes a system dynamics model of "economy, energy and atmospheric environment.” By combining this regularity with the model, the long-term impact of forest scale on particulate matter and atmospheric environment was simulated. The results show that if the forest coverage rate reaches at least 30%, the annual average concentrations of inhalable particulate matter (PM10) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can both reach the Grade I limit of national Ambient Air Quality Standard by 2050. The current forest cover is 22.9% of the administrative area. Increasing the forest cover by 600 km2 would increase this percentage to 30% of the total area. In the long run (by the year 2050), however, we showed that this increase would only reduce the annual concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 by 1–2%. Therefore, about 90% of the concentration reduction would still rely on the traditional emission reduction measures. More other ecological functions of forests should be considered in afforestation plan.

scholarly journals Reliability Validation of a Low-Cost Particulate Matter IoT Sensor in Indoor and Outdoor Environments Using a Reference Sampler

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (24) ◽  
pp. 7220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Trilles ◽  
Ana Belen Vicente ◽  
Pablo Juan ◽  
Francisco Ramos ◽  
Sergi Meseguer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Additive Model ◽  
Quality Data ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor Environments ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

A suitable and quick determination of air quality allows the population to be alerted with respect to high concentrations of pollutants. Recent advances in computer science have led to the development of a high number of low-cost sensors, improving the spatial and temporal resolution of air quality data while increasing the effectiveness of risk assessment. The main objective of this work is to perform a validation of a particulate matter (PM) sensor (HM-3301) in indoor and outdoor environments to study PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations. To date, this sensor has not been evaluated in real-world situations, and its data quality has not been documented. Here, the HM-3301 sensor is integrated into an Internet of things (IoT) platform to establish a permanent Internet connection. The validation is carried out using a reference sampler (LVS3 of Derenda) according to EN12341:2014. It is focused on statistical insight, and environmental conditions are not considered in this study. The ordinary Linear Model, the Generalized Linear Model, Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing, and the Generalized Additive Model have been proposed to compare and contrast the outcomes. The low-cost sensor is highly correlated with the reference measure ( R 2 greater than 0.70), especially for PM2.5, with a very high accuracy value. In addition, there is a positive relationship between the two measurements, which can be appropriately fitted through the Locally Estimated Scatterplot Smoothing model.

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