scholarly journals Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzane S. de Sá ◽  
Brett B. Palm ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
Douglas A. Day ◽  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
The City

Abstract. Fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality is an understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM). The central Amazon basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas- and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the T3 research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented on average 79 ± 7 % of the non-refractory PM1 mass concentration, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. The organic PM1 was, however, considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73 ± 15 % of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27 ± 15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NOy, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct airmass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd-2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25 % to 200 % under polluted compared to background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO2-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of pre-existing atmospheric PM can be accelerated. The combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests.

scholarly journals Urban influence on the concentration and composition of submicron particulate matter in central Amazonia

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 12185-12206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzane S. de Sá ◽  
Brett B. Palm ◽  
Pedro Campuzano-Jost ◽  
Douglas A. Day ◽  
Weiwei Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Organic Mass ◽  
The City

Abstract. An understanding of how anthropogenic emissions affect the concentrations and composition of airborne particulate matter (PM) is fundamental to quantifying the influence of human activities on climate and air quality. The central Amazon Basin, especially around the city of Manaus, Brazil, has experienced rapid changes in the past decades due to ongoing urbanization. Herein, changes in the concentration and composition of submicron PM due to pollution downwind of the Manaus metropolitan region are reported as part of the GoAmazon2014/5 experiment. A high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and a suite of other gas- and particle-phase instruments were deployed at the “T3” research site, 70 km downwind of Manaus, during the wet season. At this site, organic components represented 79±7 % of the non-refractory PM1 mass concentration on average, which was in the same range as several upwind sites. However, the organic PM1 was considerably more oxidized at T3 compared to upwind measurements. Positive-matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the time series of organic mass spectra collected at the T3 site, yielding three factors representing secondary processes (73±15 % of total organic mass concentration) and three factors representing primary anthropogenic emissions (27±15 %). Fuzzy c-means clustering (FCM) was applied to the afternoon time series of concentrations of NOy, ozone, total particle number, black carbon, and sulfate. Four clusters were identified and characterized by distinct air mass origins and particle compositions. Two clusters, Bkgd-1 and Bkgd-2, were associated with background conditions. Bkgd-1 appeared to represent near-field atmospheric PM production and oxidation of a day or less. Bkgd-2 appeared to represent material transported and oxidized for two or more days, often with out-of-basin contributions. Two other clusters, Pol-1 and Pol-2, represented the Manaus influence, one apparently associated with the northern region of Manaus and the other with the southern region of the city. A composite of the PMF and FCM analyses provided insights into the anthropogenic effects on PM concentration and composition. The increase in mass concentration of submicron PM ranged from 25 % to 200 % under polluted compared with background conditions, including contributions from both primary and secondary PM. Furthermore, a comparison of PMF factor loadings for different clusters suggested a shift in the pathways of PM production under polluted conditions. Nitrogen oxides may have played a critical role in these shifts. Increased concentrations of nitrogen oxides can shift pathways of PM production from HO2-dominant to NO-dominant as well as increase the concentrations of oxidants in the atmosphere. Consequently, the oxidation of biogenic and anthropogenic precursor gases as well as the oxidative processing of preexisting atmospheric PM can be accelerated. This combined set of results demonstrates the susceptibility of atmospheric chemistry, air quality, and associated climate forcing to anthropogenic perturbations over tropical forests.

scholarly journals Impacts of historical climate and land cover changes on fine particulate matter (PM<sub>2.5</sub>) air quality in East Asia over 1980–2010

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Fu ◽  
Amos P. K. Tai ◽  
Hong Liao
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Fine Particulate Matter ◽  
Anthropogenic Emissions ◽  
Voc Emissions ◽  
Fine Particulate

Abstract. To examine the effects of changes in climate, land cover and land use (LCLU), and anthropogenic emissions on fine particulate matter (PM2.5) between the 5-year periods 1981–1985 and 2007–2011 in East Asia, we perform a series of simulations using a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) driven by assimilated meteorological data and a suite of land cover and land use data. Our results indicate that climate change alone could lead to a decrease in wintertime PM2.5 concentration by 4.0–12.0 μg m−3 in northern China, but an increase in summertime PM2.5 by 6.0–8.0 μg m−3 in those regions. These changes are attributable to the changing chemistry and transport of all PM2.5 components driven by long-term trends in temperature, wind speed and mixing depth. The concentration of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is simulated to increase by 0.2–0.8 μg m−3 in both summer and winter in most regions of East Asia due to climate change alone, mostly reflecting higher biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions under warming. The impacts of LCLU change alone on PM2.5 (−2.1 to +1.3 μg m−3) are smaller than that of climate change, but among the various components the sensitivity of SOA and thus organic carbon to LCLU change (−0.4 to +1.2 μg m−3) is quite significant especially in summer, which is driven mostly by changes in biogenic VOC emissions following cropland expansion and changing vegetation density. The combined impacts show that while the effect of climate change on PM2.5 air quality is more pronounced, LCLU change could offset part of the climate effect in some regions but exacerbate it in others. As a result of both climate and LCLU changes combined, PM2.5 levels are estimated to change by −12.0 to +12.0 μg m−3 across East Asia between the two periods. Changes in anthropogenic emissions remain the largest contributor to deteriorating PM2.5 air quality in East Asia during the study period, but climate and LCLU changes could lead to a substantial modification of PM2.5 levels.

Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (-1) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
Janis Kleperis ◽  
Gunars Bajars ◽  
Ingrida Bremere ◽  
Martins Menniks ◽  
Arturs Viksna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Particle Pollution ◽  
The City

Air Quality in Riga and Its Improvement Options Air quality in the city of Riga is evaluated from direct monitoring results and from accounting registered air pollutants in the city. It is concluded that from all air polluting substances listed in the European Commission directives, only nitrogen dioxide NO2 and particulate matter PM10 exceed the limits. In assessing the projected measures to improve air quality in Riga, it can be concluded that the implementation of cleaner fuels and improvements in energy efficiency of household and industrial sectors will decrease particle pollution, but measures in the transport sector will also contribute to reducing air pollution from nitrogen oxides.

scholarly journals Analysis of concentration levels of particulate matter (PM10, total suspended particulates and black smoke) in the city of Zrenjanin

2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 453-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdana Vujic ◽  
Dusan Milovanovic ◽  
Dejan Ubavin
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Quality Monitoring ◽  
Air Quality Monitoring ◽  
Suspended Particulates ◽  
Black Smoke ◽  
Total Suspended Particulates ◽  
The City ◽  
Concentration Levels

Air quality monitoring on the territory of AP Vojvodina was initiated in mid 90s. During the last decade of the 20th century the development of the air quality monitoring in Serbia didn?t keep up with the pace of the other countries in the region due to political isolation and severe economic crisis. Monitoring of the particular pollutants was conducted unsystematically and sporadically. Data presented in this paper were obtained on the territory of the city of Zrenjanin, which represents typical agglomeration in the region in regard to its geographical location, population, level of industry development and the presence of natural gas as energy product in the remote and domestic heating system of residential objects. Available data on the concentration levels of PM10 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 ?m), TSP (total suspended particulates) and BS (black smoke) during the period of 2005-2007 (three cold and three warm seasons) have been used in this work in order to carry out analysis and comparison of the daily concentration levels of PM10, TSP and BS and their seasonal variation.

scholarly journals The relative risk of mortality to the population on the Krasnoyarsk in the period when the air quality standards are exceeded

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Chernykh ◽  
E.N. Bel’skaia ◽  
O.V. Taseiko
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Quality Standards ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Risk Of Mortality ◽  
The City ◽  
Relative Risk Model

A study was carried out to assess the effect of concentrations of particulate matter (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and formaldehyde (F) exceeding the MPC on the mortality rate of the population of the city of Krasnoyarsk for 10 years (from 2000 to 2004 and from 2014 to 2018). The relative increase in mortality from exposure to the pollutants under study was determined using the relative risk model.

scholarly journals Impact of pollutant emission from motor vehicles on air quality in a city agglomeration

2019 ◽  
Vol 177 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Zdzisław CHŁOPEK ◽  
Jakub LASOCKI ◽  
Katarzyna STRZAŁKOWSKA ◽  
Dagna ZAKRZEWSKA
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Nitrogen Oxides ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Pollutant Emission ◽  
Emission Data

In the large urban areas, in middle latitudes, as in case of Poland, the cause of poor air quality is immission: in winter particulate matter PM10 and PM2.5, in summer – ozone and nitrogen oxides (or nitrogen dioxide). In the whole country, road transport is significantly responsible for the emission of nitrogen oxides (30%), carbon monoxide (20%) and less for emission of particulate matter (a few percent). In the case of other pollutants, the emission of non-metallic organic compounds is less than 10% (including polycyclic organic compounds – just over 0.5%), and sulfur oxides – only 0.03%! To analyze impact of automotive industry on air quality, pollutant emission data from two stations in Krakow were selected. These stations are known for poor air quality – the stations are: Dietla Street – with a high level of traffic and Kurdwanów – place located far from traffic routes. It was found that other objects than automotive vehicles are the dominant source of dust. These are industrial sources and – above all – energy sources, especially individual heating installations. Particularly large dust pollution occurs in winter and it is not always in areas with intense traffic. There was a strong dependence between immission of pollutants and road traffic, however, this dependence is not dominant in assessing the risk of air quality in urban agglomerations.

scholarly journals Long Memory and Time Trends in Particulate Matter Pollution (PM2.5 and PM10) in the 50 U.S. States

2020 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1351-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis A. Gil-Alana ◽  
OlaOluwa S. Yaya ◽  
Oladapo G. Awolaja ◽  
Lorenzo Cristofaro
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Long Memory ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Quantitative Evidence ◽  
Quality Regulation ◽  
Pm2.5 And Pm10 ◽  
Negative Time ◽  
Daily Time

AbstractThis paper focuses on the analysis of the time series behavior of the air quality in the 50 U.S. states by looking at the statistical properties of particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) datasets. We use long daily time series of outdoor air quality indices to examine issues such as the degree of persistence as well as the existence of time trends in data. For this purpose, we use a long-memory fractionally integrated framework. The results show significant negative time trend coefficients in a number of states and evidence of long memory in the majority of the cases. In general, we observe heterogeneous results across counties though we notice higher degrees of persistence in the states on the west with respect to those on the east, where there is a general decreasing trend. It is hoped that the findings in the paper will continue to assist in quantitative evidence-based air quality regulation and policies.

scholarly journals High Contribution of Biomass Combustion to PM2.5 in the City Centre of Naples (Italy)

Atmosphere ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmina Sirignano ◽  
Angelo Riccio ◽  
Elena Chianese ◽  
Haiyan Ni ◽  
Katrin Zenker ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Carbonaceous Aerosol ◽  
City Centre ◽  
Biomass Combustion ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The City ◽  
Fossil Fuel Emissions

A better knowledge of the local and regional sources of the atmospheric particulate matter provides policy makers with the proper awareness when acting to improve air quality, in order to protect public health. A source apportionment study of the carbonaceous aerosol in Naples (Italy) is presented here, in order to improve this understanding in a vulnerable urban area. The aim of this study is quantifying directly fossil and non-fossil contributions to carbonaceous aerosol, by means of radiocarbon measurements. This is the first time that such an approach is implemented in this area. Fine particles with diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) were collected daily on top of a building in the city center, from November 2016 until January 2017. The carbonaceous aerosol was separated into organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), by a two-step thermal desorption method. Subsequent radiocarbon analysis enabled the partitioning of the major sources of carbonaceous aerosol into fossil and non-fossil ones by applying radiocarbon isotopic mass balance. The PM2.5 concentration was on average 29 ± 3 µg⁄m3 (mean ± standard error; n = 18), with a maximum of 68.6 ± 0.7 µg⁄m3 on a day when air masses back-trajectories suggest a local origin and stagnant airflow conditions in the region. The carbonaceous component accounts for roughly half of the PM2.5 mass. Fossil fuel emissions are a minor source of OC (23%), but the dominant source of EC (66%), which is directly emitted during combustion processes. However, overall only 30% of the total carbon is of fossil origin, accounting for 14% of PM2.5 mass. Surprisingly, a comparable contribution is due to primary biomass burning carbon, which accounts in total for 15% of PM2.5 mass. Traffic pollution, the main cause of fossil fuel emissions in urban areas, is a significant, but not the predominant source of carbonaceous particle concentration. These findings support the conclusion of a predominant contribution from non-fossil sources to the carbon in airborne particulate matter, which policy makers should take into account when planning mitigation strategies to improve urban air quality.

scholarly journals The Effects of Outdoor Source on Pollution Characteristics and Dynamic Changes of Particulate Matter in an Office

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guozhong Zheng ◽  
Yuzhen Lu ◽  
Yajing Wang ◽  
Zhengzheng Zhao ◽  
Ke Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Mass Concentration ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Maximum Increase ◽  
Pollution Characteristics ◽  
Indoor Particulate Matter ◽  
Outdoor Pm10

The indoor air quality has a direct impact on human health. Particulate matter is one of the important factors affecting the indoor air quality. The paper selects an office as the study object and studies the pollution characteristics and dynamic changes of indoor particulate matter in different outdoor pollution levels. The mass concentration of outdoor PM10 is used as the evaluation basis of the outdoor pollution level. The outdoor PM10 concentration levels are divided into the range of 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700 μg·m−3, individually. Firstly, the change characteristics of the mass concentration and the number concentration of the particulate matter in the five outdoor conditions are analyzed. Secondly, the maximum increase values and the maximum increase rates of the mass concentrations of different particle sizes in the five conditions are compared. Then, the penetration factors of the particulates in different sizes are compared among the five conditions. Finally, the correlation between indoor particulate matter and outdoor particulate matter is studied. The study results show that the effect of outdoor infiltration has a great influence on the indoor PM1 mass concentration, and the penetrating factors of the particulate matter between 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm are higher than 0.6; their permeability is the most obvious.

scholarly journals City Scale Particulate Matter Monitoring Using LoRaWAN Based Air Quality IoT Devices

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Johnston ◽  
Philip J. Basford ◽  
Florentin M. J. Bulot ◽  
Mihaela Apetroaie-Cristea ◽  
Natasha H. C. Easton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Air Quality ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Area Network ◽  
Wide Area Network ◽  
Sensor Coverage ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The City

Air Quality (AQ) is a very topical issue for many cities and has a direct impact on citizen health. The AQ of a large UK city is being investigated using low-cost Particulate Matter (PM) sensors, and the results obtained by these sensors have been compared with government operated AQ stations. In the first pilot deployment, six AQ Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been designed and built, each with four different low-cost PM sensors, and they have been deployed at two locations within the city. These devices are equipped with LoRaWAN wireless network transceivers to test city scale Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) coverage. The study concludes that (i) the physical device developed can operate at a city scale; (ii) some low-cost PM sensors are viable for monitoring AQ and for detecting PM trends; (iii) LoRaWAN is suitable for city scale sensor coverage where connectivity is an issue. Based on the findings from this first pilot project, a larger LoRaWAN enabled AQ sensor network is being deployed across the city of Southampton in the UK.

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