Temperature Trends over Germany from Homogenized Radiosonde Data

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 5699-5715 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margit Pattantyús-Ábrahám ◽  
Wolfgang Steinbrecht
Keyword(s):  
Original Data ◽  
Atmospheric Temperature ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Radiosonde Data ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Hadley Centre

Abstract Temperature data from radiosondes over Germany have been homogenized manually. The method makes use of the different radiosonde (RS) networks existing in East and West Germany until 1990. The largest temperature adjustments, up to 2.5 K, apply to Freiberg sondes used in the east in the 1950s and 1960s. Adjustments for Graw Hamburg 1948 (H48), 1950 (H50), and Munich 1960 (M60) sondes, used in the west from the 1950s to the late 1980s, and for RKZ sondes, used in the east in the 1970s and 1980s, are also significant: 0.3–0.5 K. Small differences between Vaisala RS80 and RS92 sondes used throughout Germany since 1990 and ~2004, respectively, were not corrected for at levels from the ground to 300 hPa. Comparison of the homogenized data with other datasets—Radiosonde Innovation Composite Homogenization (RICH) and Hadley Centre Atmospheric Temperature, version 2 (HadAT2)—and with Microwave Sounding Unit satellite data shows generally good agreement. HadAT2 data exhibit a few suspicious spikes in the 1970s and 1980s and some suspicious offsets up to 1 K after 1995. Compared to RICH, the homogenized data show slightly different temperatures, by less than ~0.4 K, in the 1960s and 1970s. As reported in other studies, the troposphere over Germany has been warming by 0.2 ± 0.1 K decade−1 from ~1950 to 2013, and the stratosphere has been cooling. The stratospheric trend increases from almost no change near 230 hPa (the tropopause) to −0.4 ± 0.2 K decade−1 near 50 hPa. Trends from the homogenized data are more positive by about 0.1 K decade−1 compared to the original data, both in the troposphere and stratosphere.

Berlin Walls: Dahlhaus Knepler, and Ideologies of Music History

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 498-525 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Shreffler
Keyword(s):  
Music History ◽  
West Germany ◽  
The Other ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The West ◽  
East And West Germany ◽  
English Speaking ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One

As exemplified in writings by Carl Dahlhaus and Georg Knepler, a debate about music historiography took place in East and West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s. A comparison between two books, Dahlhaus's Grundlagen der Musikgeschichte (Foundations of Music History) and Knepler's Geschichte als Weg zum Musikverstäändnis (History as a Means of Understanding Music), both published in 1977, is instructive as a measure of the two poles of the Methodenstreit: the one centered around music as autonomous work, the other around music as a human activity. The central questions raised prove uncannily current. The two scholars, who knew each other and respected each other's work, were both based in Berlin; but with Dahlhaus in the West and Knepler in the East, they represented the two different political systems that existed in the divided city between 1945 and 1989. In their work, and especially in these two books, Dahlhaus and Knepler defended their own positions and sought to point out weaknesses in the other side. While Dahlhaus's work is well known in English-speaking musicology, Knepler's is not. His contribution to music history and historiography was comparable to Dahlhaus's in importance, however, and his ideas anticipate many tenets of the "new musicology."

Margaret A. Simons, Rebel at Heart

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-335
Author(s):  
Margaret A. Simons ◽  
Erika Ruonakoski
Keyword(s):  
Civil Rights ◽  
Political Activism ◽  
Simone De Beauvoir ◽  
Women’S Liberation ◽  
Male Dominated ◽  
Liberation Movements ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Radical Ideas

Abstract In this interview, Margaret A. Simons describes her path to philosophy and existentialism, her struggles in the male-dominated field in the 1960s and 1970s, and her political activism in the civil rights and women’s liberation movements. She also discusses her encounters with Simone de Beauvoir and Beauvoir’s refusal to own her philosophical originality, suggesting that Beauvoir may have adopted a more conventional narrative of a female intellectual to circumvent the public’s resistance to her radical ideas in the 1950s.

Against Gentility

2020 ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
William Wootten
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Camps ◽  
British Society ◽  
Nuclear War ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
Formed Part ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter considers works emerging from the poetic movement which formed part of a much larger picture of progression from small pockets of anti-gentility in British society and culture in the 1950s to the much more pervasive societal shift of the 1960s and 1970s. Gentility was not simply repression by politeness, it was connected to the repressions of the culture at large: the emotional and social repression of ‘libido’ or ‘evil’, ‘two world wars’, ‘concentration camps’, ‘genocide’, ‘the threat of nuclear war’. A poet needs to confront ‘the fears and desires he does not wish to face’ and gentility serves to hide from this.

Pro Familia and the reform of abortion laws in West Germany, 1967–1983

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-311
Author(s):  
Claudia Roesch
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
New York ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Legal Abortion ◽  
The West ◽  
Reproductive Decision Making ◽  
Medical Emergencies ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This article investigates the role of the West German family planning association Pro Familia in the abortion reform of the 1960s and 1970s. It examines the question of legal abortion from the perspective of reproductive decision-making and asks who was to make a decision about having an abortion in the reform process—the woman, her doctor, or a counsellor. During the early reform suggestions of §218 in the 1960s, Pro Familia supported the West German solution of allowing legal abortion only in medical emergencies. Opinions within the organization changed as leading members witnessed legalization in Great Britain and New York. The feminist movement and the Catholic opposition to legal abortion influenced positions in the reform phase of the 1970s. Meanwhile, Pro Familia put emphasis on compulsory pregnancy crisis counselling as aid in decision-making for individual women and a tool for putting a decision into practice. Throughout the reform process, Pro Familia continued to perceive legal abortion not as way to enable women to make their own decision but as a pragmatic solution to emergencies.

Core Principles of Educational Multimedia

2011 ◽  
pp. 130-136
Author(s):  
Geraldine Torrisi-Steele
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Instructional Television ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Sound Motion ◽  
The 1950S ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Assisted Instruction ◽  
Computer Resources

The notion of using technology for educational purposes is not new. In fact, it can be traced back to the early 1900s during which school museums were used to distribute portable exhibits. This was the beginning of the visual education movement that persisted throughout the 1930s, as advances in technology such as radio and sound motion pictures continued. The training needs of World War II stimulated serious growth in the audiovisual instruction movement. Instructional television arrived in the 1950s but had little impact, due mainly to the expense of installing and maintaining systems. The advent of computers in the 1950s laid the foundation for CAI (computer assisted instruction) through the 1960s and 1970s. However, it wasn’t until the 1980s that computers began to make a major impact on education (Reiser, 2001). Early applications of computer resources included the use of primitive simulation. These early simulations had little graphic capabilities and did little to enhance the learning experience (Munro, 2000).

Kitchen Debates

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Weinreb
Keyword(s):  
Positive Impact ◽  
Attitudes Toward Women ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Female Employment ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
East German ◽  
Home Cooking ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Time And Energy

This chapter compares East German and West German attitudes toward women working outside of the home during the 1960s and 1970s. The two German states had radically different attitudes toward female employment. West Germany discouraged it, believing that women should remain out of the workforce to care for their families, especially their children. East Germany encouraged female labor as essential for meeting the country’s economic needs; women’s employment was seen as necessary for their self-fulfillment and as having a positive impact on their children’s health. Despite these differences, both countries perceived home cooking as women’s sole responsibility, as well as a vital necessity. This belief, among other things, determined the countries’ quite different school lunch policies. Ultimately, the normalization of home cooking and a “family meal” shaped women’s relationship to wage labor by demanding that their time and energy be dedicated to daily food work.

Localising the Social: The Rediscovery of Urban Poverty in Western European ‘Affluent Societies’

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 555-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHRISTIANE REINECKE
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Deprivation ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
West Germany ◽  
Housing Crisis ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Apparent Paradox ◽  
Urban Problem ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractConcentrating on the production of knowledge of poverty and homelessness, this article discusses how particular spatial settings influenced the construction of social problems in the 1960s and 1970s. Exploring the practices of three kinds of knowledge producers – social scientists in academic circles, ‘practitionerscumactivists’ engaging in advocacy research and experts in governmental committees – the analysis focuses on the early stages of a rediscovery of poverty in Western Europe as it was debated in international fora as well as in West Germany and France. It shows that the way in which poverty was represented as a new challenge to Western ‘affluent societies’ was in many respects an urban story, as the ongoing housing crisis and newly defined problem areas served as major points of reference for the revived interest in social deprivation. Moreover, urban actors – locally active NGOs and municipal authorities – played a preeminent role in launching debates on the apparent paradox of poverty in affluence. With their own work often grounded in particular urban problem zones, many contemporary observers tended to spatialise poverty. For them, poverty was bound to particular places; it was an exceptional sphere that helped generate a particular behaviour that made it difficult for ‘the poor’ to rise. While a growing part of the population had access to housing of a standard previously reserved to the middle class and had become able to choose where to live, life in peripheral shantytowns or dilapidated inner cities became the ultimate signifier of a social position beyond the established class structure.

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