scholarly journals Persistence and variability of Earth’s inter-hemispheric albedo symmetry in 19 years of CERES EBAF observations

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-62
Author(s):  
Aiden Jönsson ◽  
Frida A.-M. Bender
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Data Record ◽  
Aerosol Sources ◽  
Mean Climate ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Observational Record

AbstractDespite the unequal partitioning of land and aerosol sources between the hemispheres, Earth’s albedo is observed to be persistently symmetric about the equator. This symmetry is determined by the compensation of clouds to the clear-sky albedo. Here, the variability of this inter-hemispheric albedo symmetry is explored by decomposing observed radiative fluxes in the CERES EBAF satellite data record into components reflected by the atmosphere, clouds, and the surface. We find that the degree of inter-hemispheric albedo symmetry has not changed significantly throughout the observational record. The variability of the inter-hemispheric difference in reflected solar radiation (asymmetry) is strongly determined by tropical and subtropical cloud cover, particularly those related to non-neutral phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). As the ENSO is the most significant source of interannual variability in reflected radiation on a global scale, this underscores the inter-hemispheric albedo symmetry as a robust feature of Earth’s current annual mean climate. Comparing this feature in observations with simulations from coupled models reveals that the degree of modeled albedo symmetry is mostly dependent on biases in reflected radiation in the midlatitudes, and that models that overestimate its variability the most have larger biases in reflected radiation in the tropics. The degree of model albedo symmetry is improved when driven with historical sea surface temperatures, indicating that the degree of symmetry in Earth’s albedo is dependent on the representation of cloud responses to coupled ocean-atmosphere processes.

scholarly journals On the Zonal Near-Constancy of Fractional Solar Absorption in the Atmosphere

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 3423-3440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Z. Hakuba ◽  
Doris Folini ◽  
Martin Wild
Keyword(s):  
Water Vapor ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Solar Absorption ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Latitude Dependence ◽  
Zero Effect ◽  
Aerosol Effects ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Water Vapor Path ◽  
Sky Conditions

Abstract Over Europe, a recent study found the fractional all-sky atmospheric solar absorption to be largely unaffected by variations in latitude, remaining nearly constant at its regional mean of 23% ± 1%, relative to the respective top-of-atmosphere insolation. The satellite-based CERES EBAF dataset (2000–10) confirms the weak latitude dependence within 23% ± 2%, representative of the near-global scale between 60°S and 60°N. Under clear-sky conditions, the fractional absorption follows the spatial imprint of the water vapor path, peaking in the tropics and decreasing toward the poles, accompanied by a slight hemispheric asymmetry. In the northern extratropics, the clear-sky absorption attains zonal near-constancy due to combined water vapor, surface albedo, and aerosol effects that are largely amiss in the Southern Hemisphere. In line with earlier studies, the CERES EBAF suggests an increase in atmospheric solar absorption due to clouds by on average 1.5% (5 W m−2) from 21.5% (78 W m−2) under clear-sky conditions to 23% (83 W m−2) under all-sky conditions (60°S–60°N). The low-level clouds in the extratropics act to enhance the absorption, whereas the high clouds in the tropics exhibit a near-zero effect. Consequently, clouds reduce the latitude dependence of fractional atmospheric solar absorption and yield a near-constant zonal mean pattern under all-sky conditions. In the GEWEX-SRB satellite product and the historical simulations from phase 5 of CMIP (CMIP5; 1996–2005, multimodel mean) the amount of insolation absorbed by the atmosphere is reduced by around −1.3% (5 W m−2) with respect to the CERES EBAF mean. The zonal variability and magnitude of the atmospheric cloud effect are, however, largely in line.

Persistence and variability of Earth's inter-hemispheric albedo symmetry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiden Jönsson ◽  
Frida Bender
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Atmospheric Model ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Hemispheric Difference ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
The Asymmetry

<p>Earth's albedo is observed to be symmetric about the equator on long time scales despite having an asymmetric distribution of land and aerosol sources between the northern and southern hemispheres. This is made possible by the distribution of clouds, which compensates the clear-sky albedo asymmetry almost exactly. We investigate the variability of the inter-hemispheric difference in reflected solar radiation (asymmetry) on the monthly time scale using decomposed reflected radiative fluxes in the CERES EBAF satellite data record. We find that the variations in the degree of symmetry on shorter timescales is strongly controlled by tropical and subtropical processes affecting cloud distributions. States of high asymmetry coincide with opposing phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO); during El Niño (La Niña) conditions, the southern (northern) hemisphere is reflecting anomalously more than the other, perturbing the inter-hemispheric albedo symmetry. This perturbation also impacts the inter-hemispheric difference in net radiative fluxes, i.e. during states of asymmetry, the hemisphere that is reflecting less solar radiation also absorbs more energy in the net radiation balance.</p><p>We also compare the variability of the asymmetry in simulations from coupled models in Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project with observations, and find that model mean asymmetry bias is primarily determined by biases in reflected radiation in the midlatitudes. Models that overestimate the variability of the asymmetry also have larger biases in reflected radiation over the tropics. Both bias and variability are generally improved in atmospheric model simulations driven with historical sea surface temperatures.</p>

scholarly journals The Response of Tropical Atmospheric Energy Budgets to ENSO*

2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 4710-4724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Mayer ◽  
Kevin E. Trenberth ◽  
Leopold Haimberger ◽  
John T. Fasullo
Keyword(s):  
El Niño ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Warm Pool ◽  
Smooth Transition ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Enso Events ◽  
El Niño Modoki ◽  
Static Energy ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract The variability of zonally resolved tropical energy budgets in association with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated. The most recent global atmospheric reanalyses from 1979 to 2011 are employed with removal of apparent discontinuities to obtain best possible temporal homogeneity. The growing length of record allows a more robust analysis of characteristic patterns of variability with cross-correlation, composite, and EOF methods. A quadrupole anomaly pattern is found in the vertically integrated energy divergence associated with ENSO, with centers over the Indian Ocean, the Indo-Pacific warm pool, the eastern equatorial Pacific, and the Atlantic. The smooth transition, particularly of the main maxima of latent and dry static energy divergence, from the western to the eastern Pacific is found to require at least two EOFs to be adequately described. The canonical El Niño pattern (EOF-1) and a transition pattern (EOF-2; referred to as El Niño Modoki by some authors) form remarkably coherent ENSO-related anomaly structures of the tropical energy budget not only over the Pacific but throughout the tropics. As latent and dry static energy divergences show strong mutual cancellation, variability of total energy divergence is smaller and more tightly coupled to local sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and is mainly related to the ocean heat discharge and recharge during ENSO peak phases. The complexity of the structures throughout the tropics and their evolution during ENSO events along with their interactions with the annual cycle have often not been adequately accounted for; in particular, the El Niño Modoki mode is but part of the overall evolutionary patterns.

scholarly journals Evaluation of cloud fraction and its radiative effect simulated by IPCC AR4 global models against ARM surface observations

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1785-1810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Qian ◽  
C. N. Long ◽  
H. Wang ◽  
J. M. Comstock ◽  
S. A. McFarlane ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Probability Distribution ◽  
Vertical Structure ◽  
Cloud Amount ◽  
Cloud Fraction ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Ipcc Ar4

Abstract. Cloud Fraction (CF) is the dominant modulator of radiative fluxes. In this study, we evaluate CF simulated in the IPCC AR4 GCMs against ARM long-term ground-based measurements, with a focus on the vertical structure, total amount of cloud and its effect on cloud shortwave transmissivity. Comparisons are performed for three climate regimes as represented by the Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites: Southern Great Plains (SGP), Manus, Papua New Guinea and North Slope of Alaska (NSA). Our intercomparisons of three independent measurements of CF or sky-cover reveal that the relative differences are usually less than 10% (5%) for multi-year monthly (annual) mean values, while daily differences are quite significant. The total sky imager (TSI) produces smaller total cloud fraction (TCF) compared to a radar/lidar dataset for highly cloudy days (CF > 0.8), but produces a larger TCF value than the radar/lidar for less cloudy conditions (CF < 0.3). The compensating errors in lower and higher CF days result in small biases of TCF between the vertically pointing radar/lidar dataset and the hemispheric TSI measurements as multi-year data is averaged. The unique radar/lidar CF measurements enable us to evaluate seasonal variation of cloud vertical structures in the GCMs. Both inter-model deviation and model bias against observation are investigated in this study. Another unique aspect of this study is that we use simultaneous measurements of CF and surface radiative fluxes to diagnose potential discrepancies among the GCMs in representing other cloud optical properties than TCF. The results show that the model-observation and inter-model deviations have similar magnitudes for the TCF and the normalized cloud effect, and these deviations are larger than those in surface downward solar radiation and cloud transmissivity. This implies that other dimensions of cloud in addition to cloud amount, such as cloud optical thickness and/or cloud height, have a similar magnitude of disparity as TCF within the GCMs, and suggests that the better agreement among GCMs in solar radiative fluxes could be a result of compensating effects from errors in cloud vertical structure, overlap assumption, cloud optical depth and/or cloud fraction. The internal variability of CF simulated in ensemble runs with the same model is minimal. Similar deviation patterns between inter-model and model-measurement comparisons suggest that the climate models tend to generate larger biases against observations for those variables with larger inter-model deviation. The GCM performance in simulating the probability distribution, transmissivity and vertical profiles of cloud are comprehensively evaluated over the three ARM sites. The GCMs perform better at SGP than at the other two sites in simulating the seasonal variation and probability distribution of TCF. However, the models remarkably underpredict the TCF at SGP and cloud transmissivity is less susceptible to the change of TCF than observed. In the tropics, most of the GCMs tend to underpredict CF and fail to capture the seasonal variation of CF at middle and low levels. The high-level CF is much larger in the GCMs than the observations and the inter-model variability of CF also reaches a maximum at high levels in the tropics, indicating discrepancies in the representation of ice cloud associated with convection in the models. While the GCMs generally capture the maximum CF in the boundary layer and vertical variability, the inter-model deviation is largest near the surface over the Arctic.

Potential predictability of Southwest US rainfall : role of tropical and high-latitude variability

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-45
Keyword(s):  
Time Scale ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Seasonal Prediction ◽  
Seasonal Rainfall ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Sea Ice Concentration ◽  
Potential Predictability ◽  
Subseasonal Variability ◽  
The Tropics

Abstract This study explores the potential predictability of Southwest US (SWUS) precipitation for the November-March season in a set of numerical experiments performed with the Whole Atmospheric Community Climate Model. In addition to the prescription of observed sea surface temperature and sea ice concentration, observed variability from the MERRA-2 reanalysis is prescribed in the tropics and/or the Arctic through nudging of wind and temperature. These experiments reveal how a perfect prediction of tropical and/or Arctic variability in the model would impact the prediction of seasonal rainfall over the SWUS, at various time scales. Imposing tropical variability improves the representation of the observed North Pacific atmospheric circulation, and the associated SWUS seasonal precipitation. This is also the case at the subseasonal time scale due to the inclusion of the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) in the model. When additional nudging is applied in the Arctic, the model skill improves even further, suggesting that improving seasonal predictions in high latitudes may also benefit prediction of SWUS precipitation. An interesting finding of our study is that subseasonal variability represents a source of noise (i.e., limited predictability) for the seasonal time scale. This is because when prescribed in the model, subseasonal variability, mostly the MJO, weakens the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnection with SWUS precipitation. Such knowledge may benefit S2S and seasonal prediction as it shows that depending on the amount of subseasonal activity in the tropics on a given year, better skill may be achieved in predicting subseasonal rather than seasonal rainfall anomalies, and conversely.

scholarly journals Predicting photosynthesis and transpiration responses to ozone: decoupling modeled photosynthesis and stomatal conductance

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3113-3130 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Lombardozzi ◽  
S. Levis ◽  
G. Bonan ◽  
J. P. Sparks
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Stomatal Conductance ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Water Exchange ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Community Land Model ◽  
Climate Regulation ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Tulip Poplar

Abstract. Plants exchange greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and water with the atmosphere through the processes of photosynthesis and transpiration, making them essential in climate regulation. Carbon dioxide and water exchange are typically coupled through the control of stomatal conductance, and the parameterization in many models often predict conductance based on photosynthesis values. Some environmental conditions, like exposure to high ozone (O3) concentrations, alter photosynthesis independent of stomatal conductance, so models that couple these processes cannot accurately predict both. The goals of this study were to test direct and indirect photosynthesis and stomatal conductance modifications based on O3 damage to tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) in a coupled Farquhar/Ball-Berry model. The same modifications were then tested in the Community Land Model (CLM) to determine the impacts on gross primary productivity (GPP) and transpiration at a constant O3 concentration of 100 parts per billion (ppb). Modifying the Vcmax parameter and directly modifying stomatal conductance best predicts photosynthesis and stomatal conductance responses to chronic O3 over a range of environmental conditions. On a global scale, directly modifying conductance reduces the effect of O3 on both transpiration and GPP compared to indirectly modifying conductance, particularly in the tropics. The results of this study suggest that independently modifying stomatal conductance can improve the ability of models to predict hydrologic cycling, and therefore improve future climate predictions.

Solar radiative fluxes in the clear-sky atmosphere of Western Siberia: A comparison of simulations with field measurements

2014 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Zhuravleva ◽  
S. M. Sakerin ◽  
T. V. Bedareva ◽  
D. M. Kabanov ◽  
I. M. Nasrtdinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
Clear Sky

scholarly journals Triggering the Indian Ocean Dipole from the Southern Hemisphere

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian-Yi Zhang ◽  
Yan Du ◽  
Wenju Cai ◽  
Zesheng Chen ◽  
Tomoki Tozuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Indian Ocean Dipole ◽  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
Southern Annular Mode ◽  
Triggering Mechanism ◽  
Phase Development ◽  
The Indian Ocean ◽  
High System ◽  
The Tropics

&lt;p&gt;This study identifies a new triggering mechanism of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) from the Southern Hemisphere. This mechanism is independent from the El Ni&amp;#241;o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and tends to induce the IOD before its canonical peak season. The joint effects of this mechanism and ENSO may explain different lifetimes and strengths of the IOD. During its positive phase, development of sea surface temperature cold anomalies commences in the southern Indian Ocean, accompanied by an anomalous subtropical high system and anomalous southeasterly winds. The eastward movement of these anomalies enhances the monsoon off Sumatra-Java during May-August, leading to an early positive IOD onset. The pressure variability in the subtropical area is related with the Southern Annular Mode, suggesting a teleconnection between high-latitude and mid-latitude climate that can further affect the tropics. To include the subtropical signals may help model prediction of the IOD event.&lt;/p&gt;

Vorticity balances in the tropics during the 1982-83 El Niñio-Southern oscillation event

2007 ◽  
Vol 111 (468) ◽  
pp. 261-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prashant D. Sardeshmukh ◽  
Brian J. Hoskins
Keyword(s):  
Southern Oscillation ◽  
The Tropics

scholarly journals The Global Radiative Energy Budget in MERRA and MERRA-2: Evaluation with Respect to CERES EBAF Data

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1973-1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura M. Hinkelman
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Energy ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Marine Stratocumulus ◽  
Radiative Fluxes ◽  
Clear Sky ◽  
Tropical Oceans ◽  
Net Flux ◽  
Errors Analysis

The representation of the long-term radiative energy budgets in NASA’s MERRA and MERRA-2 reanalyses has been evaluated, emphasizing changes associated with the reanalysis system update. Data from the CERES EBAF Edition 2.8 satellite product over 2001–15 were used as a reference. For both MERRA and MERRA-2, the climatological global means of most TOA radiative flux terms agree to within ~3 W m−2 of EBAF. However, MERRA-2’s all-sky reflected shortwave flux is ~7 W m−2 higher than either MERRA or EBAF’s, resulting in a net TOA flux imbalance of −4 W m−2. At the surface, all-sky downward longwave fluxes are problematic for both reanalyses, while high clear-sky downward shortwave fluxes indicate that their atmospheres are too transmissive. Although MERRA-2’s individual all-sky flux terms agree better with EBAF, its net flux agreement is worse (−8.3 vs −3.3 W m−2 for MERRA) because MERRA benefits from cancellation of errors. Analysis by region and surface type gives mixed outcomes. The results consistently indicate that clouds are overrepresented over the tropical oceans in both reanalyses, particularly MERRA-2, and somewhat underrepresented in marine stratocumulus areas. MERRA-2 also exhibits signs of excess cloudiness in the Southern Ocean. Notable discrepancies occur in the polar regions, where the effects of snow and ice cover are important. In most cases, MERRA-2 better represents variability and trends in the global mean radiative fluxes over the period of analysis. Overall, the performance of MERRA-2 relative to MERRA is mixed; there is still room for improvement in the radiative fluxes in this family of reanalysis products.

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