scholarly journals Evaluating the Suitability of Century-Long Gridded Meteorological Datasets for Hydrological Modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 2565-2580
Author(s):  
Carolina Massmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Hydrological Modeling ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Conceptual Hydrological Model ◽  
Better Than

AbstractRecent advances in climate reanalyses have led to the development of meteorological products providing information from the beginning of the last century or even before. As these data sources might be of interest to practitioners in the event of missing data from meteorological stations, it is important to assess their usefulness for different applications. The main objective of this study is to investigate the ability of two long-term reanalysis datasets (CERA-20C and 20CR) and one long-term interpolated dataset (Livneh) for supporting hydrological modeling. The precipitation and temperature data of the three datasets were first compared, downscaled, and then used as inputs to the conceptual hydrological model HBV in 168 basins in the United States. The findings suggest that the quality of all three datasets decreases the further we go back in time. Models calibrated at the beginning of the time series, where the data quality is worse, are only able to capture the general properties of the time series and thus do not show a decrease in performance as the period between calibration and validation becomes larger. The opposite is true for models calibrated at the end of the time series, which show a clear decrease in performance toward the beginning of the century. While the hydrological model driven with the interpolated datasets achieved the best performance, the results obtained with the reanalysis datasets were still informative (i.e., better than the long-term monthly mean), and they matched the performance of the interpolated dataset in a few catchments in the northwestern United States.

Thinking Like a River

1994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Worster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Natural Cycle ◽  
Soil Resource ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Poor Management

When we drive by a modern farm, we still expect to see green plants sprouting from the earth, bearing the promise of food or cooking oil or a cotton shirt. Pulling up one of those plants, we are still prepared to find dirt clinging to its roots. Even in this age of high-tech euphoria, agriculture remains essentially a matter of plants growing in the soil. But another element besides soil has always been a part of the farmer’s life-water. Farming is not only growing crops on a piece of land, it is also growing crops in water. I don’t mean a hydroponics lab. I mean that the farmer and his plants inescapably are participants in the natural cycle of water on this planet. Water is a more volatile, uncertain element than soil in the agricultural equation. Soil naturally stays there on the farm, unless poor management intervenes, whereas water is by nature forever on the move, falling from the clouds, soaking down to roots, running off in streams to the sea. We must farm rivers and the flow of water as well as fields and pastures if we are to continue to thrive. But it has never been easy to extract a living from something so mobile and elusive, so relentless and yet so vulnerable as water. If there is to be a long-term, sustainable agriculture in the United States or elsewhere, farmers must think and act in accord with the flow of water over, under, through, and beyond their farms. Preserving the fertility of the soil resource is critical to sustaining it, of course, but not more so than maintaining the quality of water. In many ways, the two ideals are one. And their failure is one, as when rain erodes the topsoil and creeks and rivers suffer. But there are differences between those two resources, differences we must understand and respect. Unlike soil, water cannot be “built.” It can be lost to the farmer, or it can be diverted, polluted, misused, or over-appropriated, but it can never be deepened or enhanced as soil can be.

ACCOUNTING FOR THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MONEY AND INTEREST RATES

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 545-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
MAGNUS JONSSON ◽  
PAUL KLEIN
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
The United States ◽  
Model Driven ◽  
Stable Relationship ◽  
Dynamic General Equilibrium Model ◽  
Income Ratio ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Swedish Data

In time-series from the United States, the relationship between the money to income ratio and the nominal interest rate is a negative and stable one. In Swedish data, there is no such stable relationship. In this paper, we argue that this difference can be explained by the differences in the shock processes that have hit the two countries. Using a dynamic general equilibrium model driven by shock processes estimated to fit the two countries, we find that we can account for the main properties of the data remarkably well.

scholarly journals Data Quality Evaluation of Sentinel-1 and GF-3 SAR for Wind Field Inversion

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3723
Author(s):  
Yong Wan ◽  
Sheng Guo ◽  
Ligang Li ◽  
Xiaojun Qu ◽  
Yongshou Dai
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Quality ◽  
Wind Field ◽  
The United States ◽  
Band Model ◽  
East And West ◽  
Sar Data ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Field Inversion

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is an important means to observe the sea surface wind field. Sentinel-1 and GF-3 are located on orbit SAR satellites, but the SAR data quality of these two satellites has not been evaluated and compared at present. This paper mainly studies the data quality of Sentinel-1 and GF-3 SAR satellites used in wind field inversion. In this study, Sentinel-1 SAR data and GF-3 SAR data located in Malacca Strait, Hormuz Strait and the east and west coasts of the United States are selected to invert wind fields using the C-band model 5.N (CMOD5.N). Compared with reanalysis data called ERA5, the root mean squared error (RMSE) of the Sentinel-1 inversion results is 1.66 m/s, 1.37 m/s and 1.49 m/s in three intervals of 0~5 m/s, 5~10 m/s and above 10 m/s, respectively; the RMSE of GF-3 inversion results is 1.63 m/s, 1.45 m/s and 1.87 m/s in three intervals of 0~5 m/s, 5~10 m/s and above 10 m/s, respectively. Based on the data of Sentinel-1 and GF-3 located on the east and west coasts of the United States, CMOD5.N is used to invert the wind field. Compared with the buoy data, the RMSE of the Sentinel-1 inversion results is 1.20 m/s, and the RMSE of the GF-3 inversion results is 1.48 m/s. The results show that both Sentinel-1 SAR data and GF-3 SAR data are suitable for wind field inversion, but the wind field inverted by Sentinel-1 SAR data is slightly better than GF-3 SAR data. When applied to wind field inversion, the data quality of Sentinel-1 SAR is slightly better than the data quality of GF-3 SAR. The SAR data quality of GF-3 has achieved a world-leading level.

scholarly journals Public Health and Cost Benefits of Successful Reperfusion After Thrombectomy for Stroke

Stroke ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-907 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang G. Kunz ◽  
Mohammed A. Almekhlafi ◽  
Bijoy K. Menon ◽  
Jeffrey L. Saver ◽  
Myriam G. Hunink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reference Case ◽  
Lifetime Horizon ◽  
Endovascular Thrombectomy ◽  
Life Years ◽  
Incremental Qalys

Background and Purpose— The benefit that endovascular thrombectomy offers to patients with stroke with large vessel occlusions depends strongly on reperfusion grade as defined by the expanded Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (eTICI) scale. Our aim was to determine the lifetime health and cost consequences of the quality of reperfusion for patients, healthcare systems, and society. Methods— A Markov model estimated lifetime quality-adjusted life years (QALY) and lifetime costs of endovascular thrombectomy–treated patients with stroke based on eTICI grades. The analysis was performed over a lifetime horizon in a United States setting, adopting healthcare and societal perspectives. The reference case analysis was conducted for stroke at 65 years of age. National health and cost consequences of improved eTICI 2c/3 reperfusion rates were estimated. Input parameters were based on best available evidence. Results— Lifetime QALYs increased for every grade of improved reperfusion (median QALYs for eTICI 0/1: 2.62; eTICI 2a: 3.46; eTICI 2b: 5.42; eTICI 2c: 5.99; eTICI 3: 6.73). Achieving eTICI 3 over eTICI 2b reperfusion resulted on average in 1.31 incremental QALYs as well as healthcare and societal cost savings of $10 327 and $20 224 per patient. A 10% increase in the eTICI 2c/3 reperfusion rate of all annually endovascular thrombectomy–treated patients with stroke in the United States is estimated to yield additional 3656 QALYs and save $21.0 million and $36.8 million for the healthcare system and society, respectively. Conclusions— Improved reperfusion grants patients with stroke additional QALYs and leads to long-term cost savings. Procedural strategies to achieve complete reperfusion should be assessed for safety and feasibility, even when initial reperfusion seems to be adequate.

Exchange rates, Canadian lumber imports, and United States prices: a time-series analysis

1988 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1587-1594 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Buongiorno ◽  
Jean-Paul Chavas ◽  
Jussi Uusivuori
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Softwood Lumber ◽  
The Past ◽  
Series Analysis

Softwood lumber imports by the United States from Canada more than doubled during the past 10 years. The objective of this paper was to investigate two possible reasons for this change: (i) the increase in value of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar, and (ii) the rise in the price of softwood lumber in the United States. The method used was time-series analysis, leading to measures of feedback and long-term multipliers between imports, exchange rate, and U.S. price. The results, based on monthly data from January 1974 to January 1986, suggested that 68% of the rise in Canadian imports during this period was due to the rise in the price of softwood lumber in the United States. The exchange rate, however, was not found to have a significant effect on imports. The findings also indicate that the increase in imports has not led to a decline in the price received by U.S. producers.

Consumption Inequality over the Last Half Century: Some Evidence Using the New PSID Consumption Measure

2014 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orazio Attanasio ◽  
Luigi Pistaferri
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Time Series ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Great Recession ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Great Recession ◽  
Consumption Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Imputation Procedure

This paper contributes to the debate regarding trends in consumption inequality in the United States. We present a new measure of consumption inequality based on the redesigned 1999-2011 PSID. We impute consumption to the families observed before 1999 using the more comprehensive consumption data available from 1999 onward. One advantage of this procedure is in sample verification of the quality of the imputation procedure; another is that it yields a long time series (1967-2010). Consumption inequality was stable in the 1970s, as was income inequality. It increased significantly after 1980. The Great Recession was associated with a decline in consumption inequality.

scholarly journals Estimated Profitability of Thoroughbred Yearlings Sold in Auctions in the United States, 2001–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 463
Author(s):  
Jenna Bryant ◽  
C. Jill Stowe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Thoroughbred Racehorses ◽  
Positive Return

Yearling auctions constitute the most common means of trading prospective Thoroughbred racehorses. The main objective of many equine operations is to breed yearlings to sell at these auctions, and therefore, the ability of breeders to consistently realize positive returns is paramount to their long-term participation in the market. In this article, we investigate the estimated profitability of Thoroughbred yearlings sold in auctions from 2001–2018. According to our estimates, less than 50% of transactions were profitable, with negative median profit in all years under analysis but two. In addition, the likelihood of realizing a positive return diminishes as the quality of sire decreases. Our results suggest that the long-run sustainability for many breeders, especially breeders that may lack the capital to invest in high quality stallions, is questionable.

Population Growth and United States Politics in the 1970s

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 845-853
Author(s):  
A. E. Keir Nash
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Population Policy ◽  
The United States ◽  
Nixon Administration ◽  
National Population ◽  
Natural Result ◽  
Policy Problems ◽  
Population Effects

The recent drop in birth rates in the United States to a point below replacement may well take much of the wind out of the momentum which developed during the late 1960s for a comprehensive national population policy. Such at least would appear to be a “natural result” given the characteristic patterns of American politics, whereby broad and coherent policy making is rarely produced except in moments of obvious crisis. Such a result, moreover, would dovetail with the general drift of the Nixon Administration away from the domestic and foreign activism of the Johnson years. Despite its “naturalness,” however, that result would be unfortunate. The arguments for a comprehensive national population policy are best grounded in the circumstance that population effects are long-term. This article explores the reasons for instituting such a policy from the standpoint of a central concern of political science—the quality of governance. It is argued that population stabilization would, on balance, enhance the capacity of the United States governmental structure to cope with policy problems, both domestic and foreign.

scholarly journals Analisis Respon Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Indonesia Akibat External Shock Amerika Serikat dan China

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 20
Author(s):  
Alvin Sugeng Prasetyo ◽  
Mochamad Devis Susandika
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Economic Growth ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
External Shocks ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Dollar ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the response to Indonesia's economic growth caused by external shocks from the United States and China. The method used is VECM, because it is stationary at I (1) and there is cointegration. The estimation results show that the uncertainty of China's economic policies and the contribution of China's economic growth has a greater effect than the United States on Indonesia's economic growth. The shock of the rupiah exchange rate against the US dollar was better than the rupiah exchange rate against the RMB. The shock of changes in oil prices was responded negatively by changes in Indonesia's economic growth. In the long term, there are no signs of a movement in response to changes in Indonesia's economic growth towards equilibrium (convergence).  

scholarly journals Research Productivity of Chinese Young Thousand Talents

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lili Yang ◽  
Giulio Marini
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Research Productivity ◽  
Research Performance ◽  
Research Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Better Than

While it is commonly agreed that globally bred talent returning to China greatly contributes to the enhancement of research capacity, whether returnees perform better than those who stay overseas remains to be examined. We compared the research productivity of Chinese “Young Thousand Talents” (Y1000Ts) and Chinese researchers remaining in the United States. The results of our analysis demonstrate that while the two groups publish at a similar rate, Y1000T lag slightly behind their US-affiliated counterparts in terms of quality of publications. This could be explained by the assessment system of research performance in China.

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