Coda: American Patrimonialism

2011 ◽  
Vol 636 (1) ◽  
pp. 204-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Lachmann
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Early Modern Europe ◽  
Social Form ◽  
The World ◽  
Bureaucratic Rationalism ◽  
Do So

Patrimonialism, until fairly recently, seemed an archaic social form, largely replaced by bureaucratic rationalism. That confident view of modernity, in the histories that Max Weber and his followers wrote, deserves to be challenged as patrimonial regimes reappear in states and firms throughout the world. This article is my attempt to mount that challenge. I first revisit Weber’s conception of patrimonialism and discuss how gendered and elitist studies of early modern Europe require a reevaluation of patrimonialism’s dynamics and resilience. I then present an overview of evidence for the return of patrimonialism and of ideological justifications for its legitimacy, focusing on the United States. Since Weber and his successors all see patrimonialism and bureaucracy as incompatible, it is necessary to develop a theory of how the dynamics of elite conflict within bureaucratic, capitalist societies can generate patrimonialism. I do so in the penultimate section of this article, and I then explore the implications of that theory for predicting the future course of patrimonialism in the twenty-first century.

Innovate America: The Technology Innovation Program at NIST

1969 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S Klein ◽  
Mrunal S Chapekar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Technology Innovation ◽  
Job Training ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Comprehensive Strategy ◽  
Scientific Education ◽  
Us Congress ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World

9 August 2007, the US Congress established the Technology Innovation Program (TIP) through the America COMPETES Act, a comprehensive strategy to keep the United States, the most innovative nation in the world, competitive by strengthening scientific education and research, improving technological enterprise, attracting the world's best and brightest workers, and providing twenty-first century job training. The new program, TIP, is located at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Gaithersburg, MD (www.nist.gov\tip).

Confluence: Water as an Analytic of Indigenous Feminisms

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-40
Author(s):  
Joanne Barker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Water Crisis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Feminist Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Indigenous Sovereignty ◽  
Do So

This article intends an orientation of readers to critical Indigenous feminist politics through a theorizing of and engagement with water as an analytic. To do so, it focuses on two solidifications of Indigenous feminist politics in the United States and Canada. The first concerns theory and method: What informs and distinguishes the articulation of a critical Indigenous feminist politics, with/from other feminisms? What difference does water make within that articulation? The second involves the junctures of the Flint water crisis and the #NODAPL action at Standing Rock: How did water bring people together, not just there but around the world? How does the coming together matter? The article presumes that gender is a core, constitutive aspect of Indigenous sovereignty, self-determination, and solidarity. It argues that water rests with women and women-identified individuals, and their social and cultural responsibilities to, and in, multiple kinds of relationships, which include other-than-human beings and involve other-than-seen realities.

China 2020: An Introduction

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
John Bellamy Foster
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
World Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Social Formation ◽  
The World ◽  
Twenty First Century

In the twenty-first century, all signs are pointing to another period of hegemonic struggle over the world economy, this time between the United States and China, although complicated in this case by the unique, indeterminate aspects of the post-revolutionary Chinese social formation, which is neither entirely capitalist nor entirely socialist.

Industrialization, Hubs, and Catch-up

2020 ◽  
pp. 145-161
Author(s):  
Deepak Nayyar
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Industrial Revolution ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
Early Twenty ◽  
The World ◽  
Catch Up

This chapter analyses the striking changes in the geographical distribution of manufacturing production amongst countries and across continents since 1750, a period that spans more than two-and-a-half centuries, which could be described as the movement of industrial hubs in the world economy over time. Until around 1820, world manufacturing production was concentrated in China and India. The Industrial Revolution, followed by the advent of colonialism, led to deindustrialization in Asia and, by 1880, Britain became the world industrial hub that extended to northwestern Europe. The United States surpassed Britain in 1900, and was the dominant industrial hub in the world until 2000. During 1950 to 2000, the relative, though not absolute, importance of Western Europe diminished, and Japan emerged as a significant industrial hub, while the other new industrial hub, the USSR and Eastern Europe, was short lived. The early twenty-first century, 2000–2017, witnessed a rapid decline of the United States, Western Europe, and Japan as industrial hubs, to be replaced largely by Asia, particularly China. This process of shifting hubs, associated with industrialization in some countries and deindustrialization in other countries in the past, might be associated with premature deindustrialization in yet other countries in the future.

Rebuttal

2004 ◽  
Vol 14 (S1) ◽  
pp. 112-113
Author(s):  
Marshall L. Jacobs
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lymphoproliferative Disorders ◽  
Fontan Circulation ◽  
Protein Losing Enteropathy ◽  
The World ◽  
Surgical Palliation ◽  
Organ Replacement ◽  
Do So

As I had hoped and anticipated, the previous contributions have shown that Len and I are involved in a debate, but not an argument. As I am asked in this rebuttal to respond to some of the very important points that Len has made, I shall do so. I think that he was very accurate in distilling, from the study of outcomes over 15 years in Philadelphia, the message that late attrition was quite low. Of the first cohort in that study, undergoing surgery way back in 1984, less than one-third survived. As those of you who are familiar with the study now, it has improved steadily, so that now at least four-fifths of those undergoing first stage palliations survive. But what is really important is that those children who got out to 5 years usually got out to 10. And nearly all of those that got out to 10 years were alive at 15 years. I have already pointed to evidence that rates of survival with respect to initial surgical palliation are improving steadily at centers throughout the United States of America, and also around the world. So that, were it not for the shortage of donor organs, we could get together again in a decade or two from now and debate the merits of these two forms of therapy based on a comparison of the late morbidities associated with the creation of the Fontan circulation, such as sinus nodal dysfunction, protein losing enteropathy, thromboembolic phenomenons, and so on, to those events occurring at later stages associated with organ replacement, such as graft atherosclerosis, lymphoproliferative disorders, late rejection, and so on.

scholarly journals The Modern Way to Menstruate in Latin America: Consolidation and Fractures in the Twenty-First Century

2020 ◽  
pp. 813-831
Author(s):  
Eugenia Tarzibachi
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Educational Materials ◽  
American Perspective ◽  
The World ◽  
Mainstream Culture

Abstract The introduction of commercialized disposable pads and tampons during the twentieth century changed the experience of the menstrual body in many (but not all) countries of the world. From a Latin-American perspective, this new way to menstruate was also understood to be a sign of modernization. In this chapter, Tarzibachi describes and analyzes how the dissemination and proliferation of disposable pads and tampons have unfolded first in the United States and later in Latin America, with a particular focus on Argentina. She pays particular attention to how the Femcare industry shaped the meanings of the menstrual body through discourses circulated in advertisements and educational materials. Tarzibachi explores how the contemporary meanings of menstruation are contested globally, as the traditional Femcare industry shifts its rhetoric in response to challenges from new menstrual management technologies, new forms of menstrual activism, and the increasing visibility of menstruation in mainstream culture.

scholarly journals A Suitable Paradigm: the Indian Founding and the world

Jus Cogens ◽  
2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Fowkes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Constitutional Democracy ◽  
Paradigm Case ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
South Africans ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Do So

AbstractWhat is the relevance of the Indian case for South Africa? And what should South Africans, and the rest of the world, make of the claim in Madhav Khosla’s India’s Founding Moment that we should recognize India as ‘the’ paradigm case for modern constitutional democracy? The constitutional projects of India and South Africa are naturally connected, but Khosla’s book helps to bring out what is perhaps the most important of the connections. Both are founded on an insistently democratic constitutionalism, in places where most inhabitants had long been told they were not suited or ready for democracy. Both display the conviction that boldly giving the vote to all, in these circumstances, is a powerful way to construct a democracy. This idea is crucial for understanding many aspects of both constitutions. This makes India a natural paradigm case for South Africa and many others. The stronger claim, that it is ‘the’ paradigm case and should succeed the United States to this status, can become more complicated once one tests it out globally (like the US claim). Finland and Ireland are especially strong and earlier examples of what Khosla sees as ground-breaking in India. Latin America’s somewhat different post-colonial trajectory makes India a more imperfect paradigm there. But that said, treating India and its founding as paradigmatic may well be the single best step to take for a more balanced view of the constitutional world, and this book’s elegant erudition makes it a real scholarly pleasure to do so.

Assessing Music Learning Through Composition

2019 ◽  
pp. 610-628
Author(s):  
Clint Randles
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
New Media ◽  
Music Education ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Music Learning ◽  
The Past ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The World ◽  
Summative Feedback

The proliferation of the use of new media and creativities are expanding the ways that humans engage creatively with music in the twenty-first century. As teachers and researchers, our methods of assessing these creativities need to expand as well. In this chapter the author points to some of the ways that music education has traditionally conceived of both creativity and the measurement of compositional activity in the classroom. However, it should be clear that formative, summative, feedback, diagnostic, and evaluative assessment are all necessary and vital to understanding and justifying the place of composition learning in music education, and that we as a profession have not done an adequate job of it in the past. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom, Finland, and Australia, have done a better job of creating curricular space for composition than the United States. The rest of the world can learn from these successes.

Pluralism in Religion and American Education

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L. Eck ◽  
Brendan Randall
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civic Education ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
American Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Established Fact ◽  
The Common

The United States is among the most religiously diverse countries in the world. Although such diversity is not a new phenomenon, its degree and visibility have increased dramatically in the past fifty years, reigniting the debate over a fundamental civic question: What is the common identity that binds us together? How we respond to religious diversity in the context of education has enormous implications for our democratic society. To the extent that previous frameworks such as exclusion or assimilation ever were desirable or effective, they no longer are. Increased religious diversity is an established fact and growing trend. The United States needs a more inclusive and robust civic framework for religious diversity in the twenty-first century—pluralism—and this framework should be an essential component of civic education.

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