scholarly journals School Segregation and Disparities in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 674 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Logan ◽  
Julia Burdick-Will
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hispanic Students ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
School Segregation ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Much of the literature on racial and ethnic educational inequality focuses on the contrast between black and Hispanic students in urban areas and white suburban students. This study extends the research on school segregation and racial/ethnic disparities by highlighting the importance of rural areas and regional variation. Although schools in rural America are disproportionately white, they nevertheless are like urban schools, and disadvantaged relative to suburban schools, in terms of poverty and test performance. Native Americans are most affected by rural school disadvantage. While they are a small share of students nationally, Native Americans are prominent and highly disadvantaged in rural areas, particularly in certain parts of the country. These figures suggest a strong case for including rural schools in the continuing conversations about how to deal with unfairness in public education.

The Rural-Urban Continuum of Polarization: Understanding the Geography of the 2018 Midterms

The Forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Johnson ◽  
Dante J. Scala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Metropolitan Areas ◽  
Political Attitudes ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Rural Regions ◽  
Urban America ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract This study of the 2018 congressional midterms demonstrates how voting patterns and political attitudes vary across a spectrum of urban and rural areas in the United States. Rural America is no more a monolith than is urban America. The rural-urban gradient is better represented by a continuum than a dichotomy. This is evident in the voting results in 2018, just as it was in 2016. We found that the political tipping point lies beyond major metropolitan areas, in the suburban counties of smaller metropolitan areas. Democrats enjoyed even greater success in densely populated urban areas in 2018 than in 2016. Residents of these urban areas display distinctive and consistent social and political attitudes across a range of scales. At the other end of the continuum in remote rural areas, Republican candidates continued to command voter support despite the challenging national political environment. Voters in these rural regions expressed social and political attitudes diametrically opposed to their counterparts in large urban cores.

scholarly journals Exploring Policy Options for a New Rural America: Conference Synthesis

2002 ◽  
pp. 53-57
Author(s):  
S. R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Policy Framework ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Policy Options ◽  
Rural America ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
High Government ◽  
Policy Priority

This Conference has more then lived up to its billing, exploring policy options for a new rural America but in addition identifying the basis for a new framework for rural policy. Evidence that a new policy framework is needed is abundant (Stauber). In one way or another, rural areas of North America and of most of the developed world have for at least the past century experienced secular decline compared to urban areas. This has occurred during a period of high government transfers or subsidies, both direct and from policy interventions that have distorted the functioning of markets. It is clear that the systemic discrepancy between rural and urban populations/areas is a public policy priority. It is just as clear that there has not been a consensus on how to address these development and economic issues. Much funding and technical assistance has been allocated with little apparent impact on the condition of rural areas and rural people.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mortality: Contributions and Variations by Rurality in the United States, 2012–2015

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Hall ◽  
Ramal Moonesinghe ◽  
Karen Bouye ◽  
Ana Penman-Aguilar
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Malignant Neoplasms ◽  
Ethnic Populations ◽  
Asian Pacific Islanders ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Asian Pacific ◽  
Racial Ethnic

The value of disaggregating non-metropolitan and metropolitan area deaths in illustrating place-based health effects is evident. However, how place interacts with characteristics such as race/ethnicity has been less firmly established. This study compared socioeconomic characteristics and age-adjusted mortality rates by race/ethnicity in six rurality designations and assessed the contributions of mortality rate disparities between non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) and non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) in each designation to national disparities. Compared to NHWs, age-adjusted mortality rates for: (1) NHBs were higher for all causes (combined), heart disease, malignant neoplasms, and cerebrovascular disease; (2) American Indian and Alaska Natives were significantly higher for all causes in rural areas; (3) Asian Pacific islanders and Hispanics were either lower or not significantly different in all areas for all causes combined and all leading causes of death examined. The largest contribution to the U.S. disparity in mortality rates between NHBs and NHWs originated from large central metropolitan areas. Place-based variations in mortality rates and disparities may reflect resource, and access inequities that are often greater and have greater health consequences for some racial/ethnic populations than others. Tailored, systems level actions may help eliminate mortality disparities existing at intersections between race/ethnicity and place.

scholarly journals Racial/Ethnic Disparities in HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Men Who Have Sex with Men — 23 Urban Areas, 2017

2019 ◽  
Vol 68 (37) ◽  
pp. 801-806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dafna Kanny ◽  
William L. Jeffries ◽  
Johanna Chapin-Bardales ◽  
Paul Denning ◽  
Susan Cha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
Preexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Racial Ethnic

scholarly journals Unequal education opportunity in Pakistan for rural and urban areas and its evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-12
Author(s):  
Umer Arshad
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Parental Education ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Brothers And Sisters

Since independence, with the expansion of the scale of Pakistani’s education, the level of education, urban and rural residents has been improving year by year, but the educational inequality problems have not been effectively solved. The Survey of the last two decades shows the influence of education, household registration, family, social and economic status, parental education, a number of brothers and sisters, which has been evaluated on three factors high school, college, and university. The study found that the high school entrance opportunity differences in urban and rural areas have not been changed, technical college, college, or university entrance opportunities between urban and rural areas have potentially expanded, father’s occupational status affects children’s education but other factors remain same. The study shows that since 1981 no obvious change in unequal educational opportunities, the other rising trend in educational inequality due to the different number of brothers and sisters. The study shows that after the independence of Pakistan, the education structures and evolution of inequality should be focused on people’s micro mechanism of education decision.

Deplorable or Disposable? The Carceral State and ‘Breaking Bad’ in Rural America

2021 ◽  
pp. 94-132
Author(s):  
Marie Gottschalk
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mass Incarceration ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Carceral State ◽  
Breaking Bad ◽  
The Us ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Racial Ethnic

This chapter examines the limitations of viewing the US carceral state primarily through a racial disparities lens centred on differences in incarceration rates between whites and blacks. It surveys important shifts since the 1970s in who is being incarcerated in the United States, including racial, ethnic, gender, and geographic shifts, most notably between urban and rural areas. It deploys three common frameworks used to help explain the rise of mass incarceration and the hyper-incarceration of African Americans—the culture of control, the culture of poverty, and the war on drugs—to analyse the deepening penetration of the carceral state outside of major urban areas and to examine the opioid crisis.

scholarly journals Elderly Poverty in Vietnam: Trends and Determinants

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 526-543
Author(s):  
Linh Hoang Vu ◽  
◽  
Thuy-Anh Nguyen ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Social Assistance ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
Elderly Poverty ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Adopting data from the 2010 and 2016 Vietnam Household Living Standard Surveys, this paper identifies factors of elderly poverty incidences and depth in Vietnam. Our analysis shows that overall, elderly poverty is lower than the overall poverty headcount in Vietnam. Yet, some elderly groups are more vulnerable to poverty than others. In particular, the elderly living in rural areas are more susceptible to poverty than those living in urban areas. The ethnic minority elderly are likewise more vulnerable to poverty than those who belong to the Kinh-Hoa ethnic majority. We found several determining factors for elderly poverty in urban and rural areas, including region, ethnicity, education, and household age composition. Remittances and social assistance are also crucial in reducing elderly poverty in rural areas. With these findings, this study proposes several policy implications, including improving the social assistance support for the elderly, reducing regional and ethnic disparities, and supporting the employment of older people.

scholarly journals Returns to Education in Rural and Urban China: An Empirical Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Feng Wang ◽  
Hao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
National Level ◽  
Urban China ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Rate Of Returns

This paper focuses on the returns to education in China, and it aims to determine the returns rate difference between those in the rural and urban areas. Mincer’s model has been used as the base for the returns rate calculation. OLS has been chosen as the estimator for the regression analysis. The data set selected for analyzing was CHIP 2013, which is one of the latest national level education and income surveys conducted in China. The empirical analysis results showed that the rate of returns to education for the general samples was 13.9%. This, therefore, was higher than the rate (around 10%) in 2000-2010 in China. Meanwhile, the significant difference between rural (3.7%) and urban (25.6%) areas has been detected. The gender equality testing showed that in rural areas, the rate of returns to education for females (9.1%) was much higher than males (2.5%). The results provided an overview of the current situation regarding the educational investment in China. It also pointed out the income and educational inequality between rural-urban and male-female.

scholarly journals Social group disparities in the incidence and prognosis of oesophageal cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 343-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Hua Xie ◽  
Jesper Lagergren
Keyword(s):  
Oesophageal Cancer ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Developing Regions ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Socio Economic Status ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Worse Prognosis

There are substantial disparities in the incidence and prognosis of oesophageal cancer across social population groups, including sex, race/ethnicity, geographical location and socio-economic status. Both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus are more common in men than in women, but the male predominance in adenocarcinoma is stronger and less well understood. The varying incidence and prognosis of oesophageal cancer across racial/ethnic groups show distinct patterns by histological type. Individuals residing in rural areas have a higher incidence and worse prognosis than those in urban areas in developing regions. Lower socio-economic status is associated with an increased incidence and reduced survival in oesophageal cancer. Sustained research identifying novel preventive and therapeutic strategies are needed to reduce the risk of oesophageal cancer and improve the prognosis in all social groups.

scholarly journals Pathways to Inequality: Between-District Segregation and Racial Disparities in School District Expenditures

AERA Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 233285841987244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria E. Sosina ◽  
Ericka S. Weathers
Keyword(s):  
School District ◽  
Racial Disparities ◽  
School Finance ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
Educational Inequality ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
School Funding ◽  
Ethnic Segregation ◽  
Opportunity Gaps ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Recent causal evidence connects levels of per pupil spending and short- and long-term student outcomes. This evidence further suggests that specific types of spending may mediate the relationship between expenditures and student outcomes. Yet race remains related to funding disparities and schooling experiences in ways that raise concerns about the role of school finance in perpetuating racial opportunity gaps. We explore this potential source of educational inequality by asking how racial segregation and racial socioeconomic disparities are related to racial disparities in school district spending over time. We use 15 years of data from the School Funding Fairness Data System on school district expenditures and demographics to explore patterns of racial/ethnic segregation and racial/ethnic disparities across six categories of per pupil expenditures. We find that changes in racial/ethnic segregation within a state from 1999 through 2013 are associated with racial/ethnic disparities in spending, even after accounting for disparities in poverty.

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