Marijuana Legalization and Rates of Crashing Under the Influence of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Alcohol

2021 ◽  
pp. 000313482199505
Author(s):  
Michelle Kruse ◽  
Martin Perez ◽  
Melissa Blatt ◽  
Tania Zielonka ◽  
Mathew Dolich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Drugs And Alcohol ◽  
Marijuana Legalization ◽  
Time Period

Objective To determine if statewide marijuana laws impact upon the detection of drugs and alcohol in victims of motor vehicle collisions (MVC). Methods A retrospective analysis of data collected at trauma centers in Arizona, California, Ohio, Oregon, New Jersey, and Texas between 2006 and 2018 was performed. The percentage of patients testing positive for marijuana tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was compared to the percentage of patients driving under the influence of alcohol (blood alcohol level >0.08 g/dL) that were involved in an MVC. Results The data were analyzed to evaluate the trends in THC and alcohol use in victims of MVC, related to marijuana legalization. The change in incidence of THC detection (percentage) over the time period where data were available are as follows: Arizona 9.5% (0.4 to 9.9), California 5.4% (20.8 to 26.2), Ohio 5.9% (6.7 to 12.6), Oregon 3% (3.0 to 6.0), New Jersey 2.3% (2.7 to 5.0), and Texas 15.3% (3.0 to 18.3). Alcohol use did not change over time in most states. There did not appear to be a relationship between the legalization of marijuana and the likelihood of finding THC in patients admitted after MVC. In fact, in Texas, where marijuana remains illegal, there was the largest change in detection of THC. Conclusions There was no apparent increase in the incidence of driving under the influence of marijuana after legalization. In addition, the changes in marijuana legislation did not appear to impact alcohol use.

Assessment of Mortality in Older Trauma Patients Sustaining Injuries from Falls or Motor Vehicle Collisions Treated in Regional Level I Trauma Centers

2009 ◽  
Vol 249 (3) ◽  
pp. 488-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Sampalis ◽  
Robin Nathanson ◽  
Julie Vaillancourt ◽  
Andreas Nikolis ◽  
Moishe Liberman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Trauma Patients ◽  
Trauma Centers ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Level I

scholarly journals FALLS AND MOTOR VEHICLE COLLISIONS: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION OF OLDER DRIVERS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S290-S290
Author(s):  
Caitlin N Pope ◽  
Pariya Fazeli ◽  
Tyler R Bell ◽  
Meghana Gaini ◽  
Sylvie Mrug ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Longitudinal Sample ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Risk Rate

Abstract Longitudinal research is needed to better understand mobility and aging, as falls and motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are the top two leading causes of unintentional injury-related deaths for adults 65 and older in the United States. Using a longitudinal sample of older adults, prior falls were assessed as a predictor and moderator of the rate of subsequent MVCs over a 15 year time period. Using a 15-year longitudinal sample of 1,911 older adults recruited from three Maryland State Motor Vehicle Administration (MVA) sites, we conducted group differences and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) Poisson regressions. Individuals who reported a fall at baseline were more likely to be female, older, have poorer physical functioning, and reported more situational driving avoidance at baseline compared to those who did not report a fall. Females who reported a fall at baseline had a 2x greater risk rate of subsequently reporting a MVC over the 15 year time period than males. Furthermore, individuals, irrespective of gender, with a prior fall at baseline who drove more days per week over the 15-year time span had a 23% higher risk rate of a subsequent MVC. The current findings further the discussion on aging and mobility as it offers a longitudinal perspective on the association between falls and MVCS. These findings promote the utility of investigating non-traditional driver screening methods to identify drivers who may be at an increased rate for further driving difficulties.

Modeling Fault among Bicyclists and Drivers Involved in Collisions in Hawaii, 1986–1991

1996 ◽  
Vol 1538 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Kim ◽  
Lei Li
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Helmet Use ◽  
Crash Data

Subsequent to a review of trends in collisions between bicyclists and motorists in Hawaii during the period 1986 to 1991, characteristics of bicyclists and drivers involved in crashes are compared. On the basis of police-reported crash data it can be concluded that bicyclists tend to be young, male, and, not surprisingly, more likely to be seriously injured than motorists in bicycle–motor-vehicle collisions. Bicyclists are much less likely to be attributed with inattention than motorists, and slightly less likely to be attributed with misjudgment or alcohol or drug use than motorists. Bicyclists, however, are much more likely than motorists to disregard traffic controls or go the wrong way on a street just before becoming involved in a collision. Motorists are more likely than bicyclists to fail to yield, to engage in improper overtaking, or to follow too closely before becoming involved in a collision. The largest proportion of bicycle collisions occurs during the period 3:30 to 6:30 p.m. Other temporal and locational features of bicycle collisions are described. Among the most significant findings presented is that motorists in Hawaii are much more likely to be classified at fault than bicyclists. Whereas motorists are at fault in approximately 83.5 percent of incidents, bicyclists are at fault in only 16.5 percent of incidents. A logistic model is developed and used to explain the likelihood of motorists being at fault in collisions with bicyclists. Covariates that increase the likelihood of motorist fault include motorist age (squared), bicyclist age, bicyclist helmet use, and motorist turning actions. Variables that decrease the likelihood of motorist fault include motorist age, bicyclist age (squared), bicyclist alcohol use, bicyclists making turning actions, and rural locations.

scholarly journals Characterization of drug and alcohol use among senior drivers fatally injured in U.S. motor vehicle collisions, 2008–2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 788-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toni M. Rudisill ◽  
Motao Zhu ◽  
Marie Abate ◽  
Danielle Davidov ◽  
Vincent Delagarza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Drug And Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug And Alcohol ◽  
Senior Drivers

Case Exercise: Biomechanics in Rearend Motor Vehicle Collisions

2007 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 4-7
Author(s):  
Charles N. Brooks ◽  
Christopher R. Brigham
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Body Position ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Time Curve ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Multiple Factors ◽  
Bodily Injury ◽  
Vehicle Collision ◽  
Physical Findings

Abstract Multiple factors determine the likelihood, type, and severity of bodily injury following a motor vehicle collision and, in turn, influence the need for treatment, extent of disability, and likelihood of permanent impairment. Among the most important factors is the change in velocity due to an impact (Δv). Other factors include the individual's strength and elasticity, body position at the time of impact, awareness of the impending impact (ie, opportunity to brace, guard, or contract muscles before an impact), and effects of braking. Because Δv is the area under the acceleration vs time curve, it combines force and duration and is a useful way to quantify impact severity. The article includes a table showing the results of a literature review that concluded, “the consensus of human subject research conducted to date is that a single exposure to a rear-end impact with a Δv of 5 mph or less is unlikely to result in injury” in most healthy, restrained occupants. Because velocity incorporates direction as well as speed, a vehicular occupant is less likely to be injured in a rear impact than when struck from the side. Evaluators must consider multiple factors, including the occupant's pre-existing physical and psychosocial status, the mechanism and magnitude of the collision, and a variety of biomechanical variables. Recommendations based solely on patient history and physical findings (and, perhaps, imaging studies) may be ill-informed.

105: Renal Injury Mechanisms in Motor Vehicle Collisions: Analysis of the Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) Dataset

2007 ◽  
Vol 177 (4S) ◽  
pp. 37-37
Author(s):  
James K. Kuan ◽  
Robert Kaufman ◽  
Jonathan L. Wright ◽  
Charles Mock ◽  
Avery B. Nathens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Injury Mechanisms ◽  
Injury Research

scholarly journals A comparison of the demographics, injury patterns and outcome data for patients injured in motor vehicle collisions who are trapped compared to those patients who are not trapped

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Nutbeam ◽  
Rob Fenwick ◽  
Jason Smith ◽  
Omar Bouamra ◽  
Lee Wallis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Blood Loss ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Spinal Cord Injuries ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Tension Pneumothorax ◽  
Research Network ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Time Critical

Abstract Background Motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) are a common cause of major trauma and death. Following an MVC, up to 40% of patients will be trapped in their vehicle. Extrication methods are focused on the prevention of secondary spinal injury through movement minimisation and mitigation. This approach is time consuming and patients may have time-critical injuries. The purpose of this study is to describe the outcomes and injuries of those trapped following an MVC: this will help guide meaningful patient-focused interventions and future extrication strategies. Methods We undertook a retrospective database study using the Trauma Audit and Research Network database. Patients were included if they were admitted to an English hospital following an MVC from 2012 to 2018. Patients were excluded when their outcomes were not known or if they were secondary transfers. Results This analysis identified 426,135 cases of which 63,625 patients were included: 6983 trapped and 56,642 not trapped. Trapped patients had a higher mortality (8.9% vs 5.0%, p < 0.001). Spinal cord injuries were rare (0.71% of all extrications) but frequently (50.1%) associated with other severe injuries. Spinal cord injuries were more common in patients who were trapped (p < 0.001). Injury Severity Score (ISS) was higher in the trapped group 18 (IQR 10–29) vs 13 (IQR 9–22). Trapped patients had more deranged physiology with lower blood pressures, lower oxygen saturations and lower Glasgow Coma Scale, GCS (all p < 0.001). Trapped patients had more significant injuries of the head chest, abdomen and spine (all p < 0.001) and an increased rate of pelvic injures with significant blood loss, blood loss from other areas or tension pneumothorax (all p < 0.001). Conclusion Trapped patients are more likely to die than those who are not trapped. The frequency of spinal cord injuries is low, accounting for < 0.7% of all patients extricated. Patients who are trapped are more likely to have time-critical injuries requiring intervention. Extrication takes time and when considering the frequency, type and severity of injuries reported here, the benefit of movement minimisation may be outweighed by the additional time taken. Improved extrication strategies should be developed which are evidence-based and allow for the expedient management of other life-threatening injuries.

Use of cannabis and/or prescription opioids among adult drivers in Ontario, Canada: Prevalence and association with motor vehicle collisions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 101091
Author(s):  
Christine M. Wickens ◽  
Anca R. Ialomiteanu ◽  
Patricia Di Ciano ◽  
Gina Stoduto ◽  
Robert E. Mann
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Prescription Opioids ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions

Patterns of Pediatric Facial Fractures

2021 ◽  
pp. 194338752199173
Author(s):  
Kevin Hong ◽  
James Jeong ◽  
Yehudah N. Susson ◽  
Shelly Abramowicz
Keyword(s):  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Maxillofacial Trauma ◽  
Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery ◽  
Facial Fractures ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Motor Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Vehicle Collisions ◽  
Peak Incidence ◽  
Maxillofacial Fractures

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess patterns of maxillofacial trauma in the pediatric population in Atlanta. This information is important to help guide management and allocate resources for treatment of maxillofacial injuries at Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta (CHOA). Methods: This study was a retrospective chart review of children who presented from 2006 to 2015. Inclusion criteria were: (1) age 18 years old or younger, (2) presentation to emergency department, (3) diagnosis of maxillofacial fractures, and (4) evaluation by Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Otolaryngology, or Plastic Surgery services. Medical records were reviewed to record demographic, mechanism of injury, fracture location, and yearly incidence of injury. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize findings and overall trends. Results: During the study period, 39,833 patients were identified. Of them, 1995 met the inclusion criteria. The majority were male (n = 1359, 68%) with an average age of 9.4 years old (range of 1 month to 18 years old). Mechanisms of injury were motor vehicle collisions (MVC) (n = 597, 29.9%), fall (n = 565, 28.3%), sports injury (n = 317, 15.9%), pedestrian struck (n = 215, 10.8%), assault/abuse (n = 204, 10.2%), other (n = 81, 4.1%), or gunshot wound (n = 16, 0.8%). Fracture sites were mandible (n = 519, 26%), complex (n = 479, 24%), nasal (n = 419, 21%), dentoalveolar (n = 279, 14%), orbital (n = 259, 13%), and maxilla (n = 40, 2%). Males had a higher incidence of assault than females (n = 185, 91% of assaults). The incidence of maxillofacial trauma increased with age with a peak incidence in 13 to 16-year-olds (n = 566, 28.3%). During the years examined, there was an upward trend in MVCs as the etiology with a peak incidence of facial fractures due to MVCs occurring in 2015. All other mechanisms remained constant during this time period. Conclusions: There was an increase in pediatric facial fractures secondary to motor vehicle collisions from 2007 to 2015 despite improvements in regulations, traffic safety, and technology.

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