Female rebels and United Nations peacekeeping deployments

2021 ◽  
pp. 001083672110471
Author(s):  
Marius Mehrl ◽  
Christoph Dworschak
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Growing Body

How does the presence of female rebel combatants during conflict influence the likelihood of United Nations post-conflict peacekeeping deployment? While past literature on peacekeeping emphasizes the role of conflict attributes and security council interests, only few studies investigate the importance of belligerent characteristics. We argue that, because dominant gender stereotypes paint women as peaceful, female rebel combatants lead domestic and international audiences to perceive conflicts in which they fight as more severe. Given that recent UN resolutions and mission mandates align with these stereotypes, this in turn, causes the UN to intervene and deploy peacekeepers. Multivariate regression models drawing on a global sample of UN post-conflict missions provide empirical support for our hypothesis. Our findings add to the growing body of literature emphasizing the role of women in combat roles, and contribute to the discussion on the UN’s Women, Peace, and Security agenda.

scholarly journals Using Communication Strategies to Operationalise United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Bibby
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Security Council Resolution ◽  
Communication Strategy ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Barriers And Opportunities

United Nations Security Council resolution 1325 Women, Peace and Security was adopted by the United Nations Security Council in 2000 and is founded on the principle of building and maintaining sustainable peace and security. Importance is placed on communication with women to implement the resolution and the role of women as leaders, not victims, in the peace and security discussion. This study researches the New Zealand Police approach to implementing resolution 1325 in the Asia-Pacific region. It examines the role of police communication in enabling the voice of women to be heard in decision making to prevent conflict, conflict resolution and in post conflict situations. In doing so, it highlights barriers and opportunities for NZ Police personnel communicating with people of a different gender to their own. This research provides evidence of the value of studying NZ Police communication approaches to inform an evidence-based communication strategy that benefits the agency and its personnel implementing the resolution.

United Nations and Regional Organizations: Complementarity v. Subsidiarity

2016 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 241-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alena F. Douhan
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Collective Security ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Universal System ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
New System

The United Nations organization was planned to be established as a single universal system of collective security. Major efforts were supposed to be taken by the UN Security Council. Regional organizations were introduced into the system as a subordinate subsidiary means – elements of the system. Over the course of the time it has, however, appeared that the UN Security Council was not able to act in the way prescribed by the UN Charter in suppressing newly emerged threats and challenges in the sphere of security. In the contrary, the role of regional organizations has increased substantially. They do the majority of tasks in the sphere of maintenance of international peace and security, often without authorization or even informing the UN Security Council, although the legality of some of these actions may be dubious. As a result, the Council itself transfers the accent in relations between the UN and regional organizations from subsidiarity to complementarity or even partnership. It is thus necessary to re-check the meaning of the concepts of complementarity and subsidiarity as well as the UN Charter provisions in the changed circumstances and to specify principles of the new system.

scholarly journals The Emergence of Safe Areas and the Role of Normative Contingency

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 286-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phil Orchard
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Northern Iraq ◽  
Civilian Protection ◽  
Internal Conflicts ◽  
Military Presence ◽  
Safe Area ◽  
Peace And Security

The concept of ‘safe areas’ emerged in the early 1990s as a way of responding to increasing displacement triggered by internal conflicts. As a form of protection, their record was mixed—for every success like northern Iraq in 1991, there was a failure like the collapse of the Srebrenica safe area in 1995. But why did the safe area concept itself emerge at this time? Traditionally, safe areas were akin to humanitarian spaces anchored in consent. The shift in the early 1990s was to replace consent with an international military presence, including military forces and peacekeepers. This article argues that this shift was only possible because of two critical changes which occurred within the United Nations: the recognition that civilian protection represented an international problem and the UN Security Council broadening how it interpreted the notion of ‘threats to international peace and security’ to include issues such as forced migrant flows.

Security Council Legislation, Article 2(7) of the UN Charter, and the Principle of Subsidiarity

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
NICHOLAS TSAGOURIAS
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Member States ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Law Making

AbstractThis article considers the relationship between the United Nations and its member states in view of the Security Council's assertion of legislative powers. It claims that the exponential growth in UN powers at the expense of the powers of its member states cannot be arrested by legal means, because of the nature of the UN system and the absence of legally enforceable criteria and compulsory dispute-settlement mechanisms. For this reason, it proposes a different approach to law-making in the area of international peace and security – one that is built around the principle of subsidiarity, as reflected in Article 2(7) of the UN Charter. The role of the principle of subsidiarity in this respect is to determine which authority is best suited to exercise legislative power and how such power should be exercised in order to attain the objective of peace and security more efficiently. It is thus contended that the principle of subsidiarity promotes co-operative relations between the United Nations and its member states by protecting the latters' jurisdictional authority from unnecessary interference.

scholarly journals The United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (Unscr 1325) and The Challenges of Women Participation in Peace Building and Conflict Resolution in Nigeria: Critical Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (12) ◽  
pp. 224-235
Author(s):  
Dickson E. Ekpe
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Peace Process ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
Peace Building ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Women Participation

In 31 October, 2000, the United Nations Security Council adopted and signed SC Resolution 1325 on Women Peace and Security. Resolution 1325 recognizes that civilian, particularly women and children are the worst affected by conflict. Resolution 1325 call for women participation in conflict prevention and resolution initiative, the integration of gender perspective in peace building, peace keeping mission and the protection of women in regions of conflict. The resolution reaffirms the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, peace negotiations, peace-building, peace keeping, humanitarian response and in post-conflict reconstruction; stressing the importance of equal participation in peace and security. In Africa, women participation in policy making, peace building and conflict resolution is still faced with setbacks despite the passing of the SCR 1325 two decades ago. Findings from this study has shown that, women have been subjected to domination by men as a result of persisting cultural stereotypes, abuse of religious and traditional practices, patriarchal societal structures in which economic, political and social power are dominated by men while women played the role of followers of male decision-makers.  The study identifies such challenges for a change or reforms them.  The paper reviewed  many of the extant studies on the role and potentials of women in peace building and conflict resolution. Analyzing those challenges inhibiting the participation of women in peace process. The paper adopted the qualitative approach whereby data collected from secondary sources were reviewed, explained and analyzed within the purview of the study. The paper conclude, the views that bringing women into the peace process, as participation of women makes it sustainable and reduces possibility of inadequate outcome or failure of the entire process,  may be an illusion. Unless the women are economically and politically empowered, as one of the outstanding equality of peace-makers or negotiators is the amount of political and economic influence they possessed. Only elite centric gender blind composition of negotiation and peace process team cannot ensure sustainable peace process as there could be no peace with one side so disadvantaged.  

Regional Arrangements and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security: The Role of the African Union Peace and Security Council

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 97-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles Riziki Majinge
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
African Union ◽  
International Peace ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The United Nations

SummaryThis article examines the role of regional arrangements under the Charter of the United Nations (UN Charter) in the maintenance of international peace and security. The African Union Peace and Security Council (AU PSC), the organ within the AU charged with addressing threats to international peace and security on the African continent, is used as a case study. The author contends that the major challenges facing regional arrangements in exercising mandates under Article 53 of the UN Charter of the United Nations have more to do with inadequate financial and logistical resources than the nature of those mandates. Taking the AU’s role in Somalia, Sudan, and other African countries as examples, the article demonstrates that the AU PSC has failed to achieve its objective of maintaining peace and security precisely because the United Nations (UN) Security Council — a more powerful and better resourced organ — has failed to live up to its responsibility of extending the assistance necessary to enable the AU PSC to perform its functions. Consequently, the author concludes that the UN Security Council, when delegating powers to regional arrangements to maintain international peace and security, should provide adequate resources to such regional arrangements, especially those that will otherwise have minimal or no capacity to fulfil their mandate effectively.

scholarly journals covid-19 and the Role of the Security Council as Global Health Peacekeeper

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Boris Kondoch
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The World ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Normative Perspective

Abstract The covid-19 pandemic has become one of the greatest challenges the world has faced since the founding of the United Nations. The following article provides a short overview, which addresses the United Nations’ efforts in minimizing the negative impact of the virus on peace and security by focusing on the potential role of the Security Council from a normative perspective.

scholarly journals The Dangerous Reproduction of Gender Inequalities Within the UN in the Politics and Institutions of Peace

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Susie Hermaszewska
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Conflict Mediation ◽  
Un Security Council ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Underrepresentation Of Women ◽  
Lack Of Commitment

The UN agenda for Women, Peace and Security, and the UN Security Council Resolution 1325 reaffirm the important role of women in the prevention and resolution of conflicts, and stresses the importance of their equal participation in all efforts for the maintenance and promotion of peace and security. Despite this, the United Nations continues to ease the reproduction of gender inequality in post-conflict reconstruction due to a lack of commitment to the principles of 1325 and an unwillingness to restructure their own conflict mediation teams. Examples from Cyprus, Bosnia, and Herzegovina demonstrate that the underrepresentation of women at the negotiation table during conflict resolution results in women’s underrepresentation in postconflict institutions of government, and therefore fails to challenge ingrained gender inequalities in society more widely. The United Nations should adhere to the agenda for Women, Peace and Security and target their own institutionalized inequality to better lead by example.

un–au Partnerships in International Peace and Security and Issues of Responsibility Allocation in Cases of un Support to Regional Missions

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vassilis Pergantis
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Holistic Approach ◽  
Operational Planning ◽  
African Union ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Shed Light

In the last decade, the United Nations and the African Union have forged a close partnership in matters of international peace and security. This article attempts to shed light on the multifaceted role of the un in the strategic and operational planning and evolution, as well as the funding, of regional (African Union) peace support operations. Such involvement goes well beyond a simple authorization by the un Security Council and raises crucial questions in respect of the allocation of responsibility between the un and the African Union. The analysis of the relevant responsibility allocation clauses showcases that a holistic approach should be adopted that does not micromanage the different aspects of the un involvement in regional missions, but treats them as an aggregate that should be taken into account as a whole when allocating responsibility. Otherwise, the soft or indirect (but crucial) influence exercised by the un will inevitably escape responsibility.

The High Level Panel Report on Threats, Challenges and Change and the Future Role of the United Nations Security Council

2005 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-620 ◽  
Author(s):  
KENNETH M. MANUSAMA
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Security Council ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
United Nations Security Council ◽  
International Peace ◽  
Panel Report ◽  
Social Challenges ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
High Level

The UN High Level Panel Report, published in December, takes a comprehensive approach and is very frank in analysing the threats to international peace and security and their rootcauses. Its analysis and recommendations range from economic and social challenges to the use of force. This article discusses in particular the role and tasks that the High Level Panel envisages for the Security Council in light of the threats and challenges it identified. With the events of 11 September 2001 as the pivotal moment in history, the Panel nevertheless does not recommend or insist on fundamental changes of international legal paradigms, including in the (collective) use of force. The Panel's focus on reform of Security Council composition instead of the system that it operates neglects the problems with the latter and the impossibility of achieving the former.

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