Gender Differences in Energy Expenditure During Walking With Backpack and Double-Pack Loads

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon S. W. Li ◽  
Otto H. T. Chan ◽  
T. Y. Ng ◽  
L. H. Kam ◽  
C. Y. Ng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Mixed Design ◽  
Variance Model ◽  
Walking Exercise ◽  
Healthy Young Female

Objective: To investigate gender differences in energy expenditure during walking with backpack and double-pack loads. Background: Studies have reported that energy expenditure during walking with double-pack loads is lower compared with backpack carriage. However, the effect of gender on energy expenditure while walking with these two load distribution systems has not been investigated. Method: Thirty healthy young adults (15 female and 15 male participants) walked on a treadmill with backpack and double-pack loads weighing 30% of their body weight at a speed of 0.89 m/s for 10 min. The energy expenditure in terms of oxygen consumption (VO2) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were continuously monitored using a portable gas analyzer throughout each walking exercise. A mixed-design analysis of variance model was adopted to test the effects of gender, pack, and time on VO2 and RER. Results: No time effect was observed on VO2. However, significant gender, pack, and interaction effects were observed. The lowest VO2 was found in female participants under double-pack carriage. No significant gender or pack differences existed in RER. However, RER significantly and incrementally increased in time from the 4th through 6th, 8th, and 10th min. Conclusion: This study revealed that heavy double-pack load carriage for healthy young female participants had significantly lower energy expenditure (normalized by the entire system weight, i.e., the participant’s weight plus the weight of the pack) than that of the male participants in a 10-min walking exercise. Application: The findings of this study indicated that healthy young female participants carried a heavy double-pack with less energy cost (normalized by the entire system weight, i.e., the participant’s weight plus the weight of the pack) compared with their male counterparts during a 10-min walking exercise.

Reduced Coenzyme Q10 Decreases Urinary 8-Oxo-7,8-Dihydro-2′-Deoxyguanosine Concentrations in Healthy Young Female Subjects

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 835-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimiko Ito ◽  
Chigusa Watanabe ◽  
Akari Nakamura ◽  
Saeko Oikawa-Tada ◽  
Mariko Murata
Keyword(s):  
Coenzyme Q10 ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Healthy Young Female ◽  
Female Subjects

scholarly journals Do gender differences in career aspirations contribute to sticky floors?

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 580-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Deschacht ◽  
Ann-Sophie De Pauw ◽  
Stijn Baert
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Career Decisions ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Employee Preferences ◽  
Job Offers ◽  
Female Professionals ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test hypotheses regarding the importance of employee preferences in explaining sticky floors, the pattern that women are, compared to men, less likely to start to climb the job ladder. Design/methodology/approach The authors use original data obtained using a survey and a vignette study in which participants had to score the likeliness with which they would accept job offers with different promotion characteristics. Findings The main findings are that young female professionals have a less pronounced preference for more demanding and less routinary jobs and that this effect is mediated by the greater risk aversion and anticipated gender discrimination among women. No gender differences were found in the relative likeliness to apply for jobs that involve a promotion in terms of job authority. Research limitations/implications The vignette method assumes that artificial settings with low stakes do not bias results. Another limitation follows from the focus on inter-organizational promotions among young professionals, which raises the question to what extent the results can be generalized to broader settings. Originality/value This paper contributes to the literature on gender differences in careers by measuring the impact of employee preferences on gender differences in career decisions.

Energy expenditure during load carriage at high altitude

1981 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Cymerman ◽  
K. B. Pandolf ◽  
A. J. Young ◽  
J. T. Maher
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
High Altitude ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Cycle Ergometer ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Specific Exercise ◽  
Upper Limit ◽  
Predicted Values

To determine the applicability of a prediction equation for energy expenditure during load carriage at high altitude that was previously validated at sea level, oxygen uptake (Vo2) was determined in five young men at 4,300 m while they walked with backpack loads of 0, 15, and 30 kg at treadmill grades of 0,8, and 16% at 1.12 m.s-1 for 10 min. Mean +/- SE maximal Vo2, determined on the cycle ergometer, was 42.2 +/- 2.3 at sea level and 35.6 +/- 1.7 ml.kg-1 .min-1 at altitude. There were no significant differences in daily Vo2 at any specific exercise intensity on days 1, 5, and 9 of exposure, nor were there any differences in endurance times at the two most difficult exercise intensities. Endurance times for 15- and 30-kg loads at 16% grade were 7.3 and 4.2 min, respectively. Measured energy expenditure was compared with that predicted by the formula of Pandolf et al. (J. Appl. Physiol.: Respirat. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 43: 577–581, 1977) and found to be significantly different. The differences could be attributed to measurements at metabolic rates exceeding 730 W or 2.1 1.min-1 Vo2. These data indicate that the prediction equation can be used at altitude for exercise intensities not exceeding this upper limit. The observed deviations from predicted values at the high exercise intensities could possibly be attributed to the occurrence of appreciable oxygen deficits and the inability to achieve steady-state conditions.

scholarly journals Oxytocin Secretion Is Related to Measures of Energy Homeostasis in Young Amenorrheic Athletes

2014 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. E881-E885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Lawson ◽  
Kathryn E. Ackerman ◽  
Meghan Slattery ◽  
Dean A. Marengi ◽  
Hannah Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Fibroblast Growth

Context: Oxytocin has been implicated in the modulation of energy metabolism in animals. Oxytocin knockout mice develop obesity without a change in food intake, suggesting that a lack of oxytocin may reduce metabolic rate. Furthermore, administration of oxytocin centrally reduces food intake in rats, an effect reversed by an oxytocin antagonist, implying that oxytocin may regulate appetite and energy intake. We have previously demonstrated that young female athletes (in a higher energy expenditure state than nonathletes) have low nocturnal oxytocin compared with nonathletes. Whether oxytocin is associated with measures of energy homeostasis in athletes is unknown. Objective: We hypothesized that oxytocin, a signal for energy availability, would be associated with other measures of energy homeostasis in young female athletes. Design and Setting: We performed a cross-sectional study of 45 females, aged 14–21 years [15 amenorrheic athletes (AA), 15 eumenorrheic athletes, and 15 nonathletes] of comparable body mass index. Methods: Dual x-ray absorptiometry was performed to assess body composition. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting energy expenditure (REE). Fasting levels of oxytocin, energy homeostasis hormones irisin and fibroblast growth factor-21, and appetite-regulating hormone peptide YY were obtained. Results: In AA, oxytocin secretion was positively correlated with surrogate measures of energy availability, including weight (r = 0.65, P = .009) and body mass index (r = 0.61, P = .016). Furthermore, oxytocin was associated with REE (r = 0.80, P = .0003), independent of lean mass, and with irisin (r = 0.74, P = .002) and fibroblast growth factor-21 (r = 0.58, P = .024). In eumenorrheic athletes, oxytocin was associated with REE (r = 0.59, P = .021), independent of lean mass. In nonathletes, oxytocin secretion was not significantly associated with measures of energy homeostasis. Conclusions: In AA, oxytocin secretion is associated with measures of energy availability and expenditure, suggesting that oxytocin may be involved in regulation of energy balance in energy deficient states. Further studies determining the role of oxytocin in appetite and energy homeostasis in athletes are warranted.

scholarly journals Complex Terrain Load Carriage Energy Expenditure Estimation Using Global Positioning System Devices

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2145-2149 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADAM W. POTTER ◽  
WILLIAM R. SANTEE ◽  
STEPHEN P. MULLEN ◽  
ANTHONY J. KARIS ◽  
LAURIE A. BLANCHARD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Complex Terrain ◽  
Load Carriage ◽  
Positioning System ◽  
Global Positioning

Load Carriage Energy Expenditure With and Without Hiking Poles During Inclined Walking

2000 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 356-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Jacobson ◽  
T. Wright ◽  
B. Dugan
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Load Carriage
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