Performance Pay and Work-Related Health Problems

ILR Review ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 670-703 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed DeVaro ◽  
John S. Heywood
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Performance Pay ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Hidden Cost ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Health Deterioration

Using panel data from 2004 and 2011, the authors find an elevated incidence of work-related ailments (associated with bones, muscles, and joints) in U.K. establishments that use individual performance pay, even after accounting for establishment fixed effects. Fixed-effect estimates also confirm a positive relationship between absence due to illness and performance pay. The elevated rates of ailments associated with performance pay appear to reduce financial performance and product quality, even though performance pay has a positive net influence on financial performance. Thus, a hidden cost of performance pay is occupational health deterioration. Parallel results are absent for labor productivity and, in a smaller sample, for profit.

89 Effect of embryo transfer and recipient breed on offspring performance in equine show jumping

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
E. Palmer ◽  
M. Robles ◽  
A. Ricard ◽  
P. Chavatte-Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Embryo Transfer ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Additional Contribution ◽  
Maternal Environment ◽  
Offspring Performance ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Genetic Value ◽  
Show Jumping

Maternal preconceptional, gestational, and postnatal environments alter offspring phenotype in humans and animals. In particular, embryo technologies were shown in horses and other species to affect offspring growth and metabolism. Quantitative genetic calculations in a database containing genealogy and a measured trait (performance) of individuals enable geneticists to estimate the respective contribution of (A) genetic aptitude for the trait (inherited from all parents), (B) genetic maternal aptitude (additional contribution of the mother and her ancestors, acting through pregnancy, lactation, and nursing), and (C) the permanent maternal environment (similarities between the offspring of a dam that are not attributed to genetics) to the variability of this trait in this population. Additionally, fixed effects can be introduced and estimated to take into account additional factors acting on individual performance. The aim of this project was to apply this method to estimate the respective contributions of A, B, and C as well as the fixed effects of maternal parity (D), age at foaling (E), foaling interval (F), embryo transfer (G), and breed of recipient mare (for ET recipients) on the adult offspring sport performance in show jumping horses. The data came from the French Horse Database established in 1976 for genealogy and performance; calculation was done using WOMBAT® software. The performance of 207,984 horses (4.5 years per horse), born to 90,438 dams (of which 4187 were ET recipients, the others being bred by AI or natural service), were studied. Performance was expressed as follows. For each event, points were distributed depending on the horse’s rank within the event and the event’s difficulty. The logarithm of the sum of points of the year has a Gaussian distribution and is then normalised to mean=0 and standard deviation=1. The genetic maternal aptitude and permanent maternal environment showed a small but significant contribution to the variance of performance (1.4 and 1.5%, respectively) compared to a direct genetic contribution of 24.4%. Within each age class of dam, offspring of primiparous mares have a handicap (−0.04 to −0.06) compared to multiparous mares. Within multiparous mares, a foaling interval of 1 year only provided a small advantage (+0.01, nonsignificant) compared to longer intervals (>2 years). The effect of embryo transfer was strong and significant (+0.24), which could reflect the better management of the horses produced by embryo transfer because of their genetic and financial value rather than a physiologic effect. The performance of offspring born to draft and warmblood recipients (+0.27v. +0.24, nonsignificant) were not different. In conclusion, although jumping performance occurs several years after birth, maternal effects are still measurable and embryo transfer is associated with a strongly increased performance independent of genetic value, probably due to better management of these horses. No effect of recipient mare’s breed was found.

The Privatization of Public Hospitals: Its Impact on Financial Performance

2018 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zo Ramamonjiarivelo ◽  
Robert Weech-Maldonado ◽  
Larry Hearld ◽  
Rohit Pradhan ◽  
Ganisher K. Davlyatov
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Not For Profit ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
Public Status ◽  
Operating Margin ◽  
Tm Model ◽  
And Control

This study examined the effects of public hospitals’ privatization on financial performance. We used a sample of nonfederal acute care public hospitals from 1997 to 2013, averaging 434 hospitals per year. Privatization was defined as conversion from public status to either private not-for-profit (NFP) or private for-profit (FP) status. Financial performance was measured by operating margin (OM) and total margin (TM). We used hospital level and year fixed effects linear panel regressions with nonlagged independent and control variables (Model 1), lagged by 1 year (Model 2), and lagged by 2 years (Model 3). Privatization to FP was associated with 17% higher OM (Model 2) and 9% higher OM (Model 3), compared with 3%, 4%, and 6% higher OM for privatization to NFP for all three Models, respectively. Privatization to FP was associated with 7% higher TM (Model 2) and privatization to NFP was associated with 2% higher TM (Model 3).

scholarly journals Impacto dos Investimentos em Tecnologia sobre a Rentabilidade do Setor Bancário Brasileiro

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-111
Author(s):  
Lucas Silva Barreto ◽  
Vinicius Silva Pereira ◽  
Antonio Sergio Torres Penedo
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Expected Return ◽  
It Investments ◽  
Publicly Traded Companies ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Impact Of Technology ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: To analyze the relationship between investments in technology and the profitability of the five largest Brazilian banks between 2009 and 2018.Theoretical framework: Through correlation analysis and panel data regression, the impact of technology investment on Return on Assets (ROA) was specifically assessed.Design/methodology/approach: Despite the growth in investment in banking technology, the level of disclosure by publicly traded companies in Brazil is still limited, with few details disclosed in corporate reports about the amounts invested, of the types investments made, the expected return and the returns already obtained with previous investments. This disclosure is influenced by factors such as company size and profitability.Findings: In the present study, a positive relationship was identified between investment in T.I and Return on Assets (ROA) of the banks analyzed and, therefore, the presence of a profitability paradox was not found.Originality/value:  There was a positive relationship between investment in IT and performance. There was a significant positive correlation at 5% between IT investments and financial performance, given by the relationship between profit before depreciation and total sales. The regression analysis found that an increase in IT investments raised the company's financial performance (Beta = 0.204 and p 0.1). The increase in the share of IT investments in operating expenses increased the Return on Assets by 0.039 percentage points.Research, Practical Social implications: Gain knowledge in the management of banking organizations in order to guide in the decision-making about technological investments that should be made.

scholarly journals High Medicaid Nursing Homes: Organizational and Market Factors Associated With Financial Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 004695801882506
Author(s):  
Robert Weech-Maldonado ◽  
Justin Lord ◽  
Rohit Pradhan ◽  
Ganisher Davlyatov ◽  
Neeraj Dayama ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nursing Homes ◽  
Financial Performance ◽  
Nurse Practitioners ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
Physician Assistants ◽  
Occupancy Rate ◽  
Term Care ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Market Factors

High Medicaid nursing homes (85% and higher of Medicaid residents) operate in resource-constrained environments. High Medicaid nursing homes (on average) have lower quality and poorer financial performance. However, there is significant variation in performance among high Medicaid nursing homes. The purpose of this study is to examine the organizational and market factors that may be associated with better financial performance among high Medicaid nursing homes. Data sources included Long-Term Care Focus (LTCFocus), Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services’ (CMS) Medicare Cost Reports, CMS Nursing Home Compare, and the Area Health Resource File (AHRF) for 2009-2015. There were approximately 1108 facilities with high Medicaid per year. The dependent variables are nursing homes operating and total margin. The independent variables included size, chain affiliation, occupancy rate, percent Medicare, market competition, and county socioeconomic status. Control variables included staffing variables, resident quality, for-profit status, acuity index, percent minorities in the facility, percent Medicaid residents, metropolitan area, and Medicare Advantage penetration. Data were analyzed using generalized estimating equations with state and year fixed effects. Results suggest that organizational and market slack resources are associated with performance differentials among high Medicaid nursing homes. Higher financial performing facilities are characterized as having nurse practitioners/physician assistants, more beds, higher occupancy rate, higher Medicare and Medicaid census, and being for-profit and located in less competitive markets. Higher levels of Registered Nurse (RN) skill mix result in lower financial performance in high Medicaid nursing homes. Policy and managerial implications of the study are discussed.

Game Location Moderates the Relationship Between Anticipatory Testosterone Changes and Athletic Performance

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 301-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan K. Putnam ◽  
Justin M. Carré
Keyword(s):  
Athletic Performance ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Athletic Competition ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship ◽  
Hockey Players ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Home Game

The authors examined the extent to which changes in testosterone concentrations before competition would be associated with performance among elite male hockey players. Saliva samples were collected on 2 noncompetition days (baseline) and before 2 playoff games (1 home game, 1 away game). Individual performance was assessed by the coaching staff after each game. Results indicated that changes in testosterone before competition predicted performance, but this effect was influenced by game location. Unexpectedly, the authors found a significant negative relationship between a rise in testosterone and performance for the away game and a nonsignificant positive relationship for the home game. These findings indicate that game location should be considered in studies examining the neuroendocrine correlates of athletic competition.

scholarly journals Arrangements with the NHS for providing healthcare services: do they improve financial performance of private for-profit hospitals in Spain?

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
María Victoria Ruiz-Mallorquí ◽  
Inmaculada Aguiar-Díaz ◽  
Beatriz González- López Valcárcel
Keyword(s):  
Financial Performance ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Private Hospitals ◽  
Hospital Size ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Promising Source

Abstract Background In developed countries around the world there is a trend to enhance the public-private collaboration in healthcare. In Spain, a decentralized country with a NHS funded with taxes and universal coverage, commissioning to for-profit private hospitals the production of healthcare services to specific patients that are publicly insured is a traditional practice. Around 43% of the for-profit private hospitals in Spain have a commissioning agreement with the NHS to diagnose or treat patients on public tariffs. These revenues represent 26% of the total revenues of private for-profit hospitals. The research question of this study is if commissioning with the NHS improves the financial performance of private-for-profit hospitals in Spain. Methods With a long panel (2000–2017) of for-profit hospitals we estimate a model for the financial performance (return on assets) using commissioning as main explanatory variable and other variables as control (variables financial indicators and structural information). Specific models are estimated for subgroups of hospitals according to size and specialization. The models are estimated by panel regression with fixed effects and GMM as robustness. Results Private for-profit hospitals that have commissioning with NHS obtain higher financial performance than no-commissioning hospitals. This effect varies depending on hospital size and type (hospital specialization), the advantage being more relevant for general hospitals and particularly for hospital with at least 50 beds. Conclusions Commissioning with the NHS is a promising source of financial profitability for general acute private for-profit hospitals. The evidence provided by this study may orientate the NHS in the regulation and negotiation of commissioning contracts in healthcare.

scholarly journals Portfolio turnover and performance of equity investment funds in Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (83) ◽  
pp. 332-347
Author(s):  
Sabrina Espinele da Silva ◽  
Carolina Magda da Silva Roma ◽  
Robert Aldo Iquiapaza
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Emerging Market ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
International Studies ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Equity Investment ◽  
Current Sample ◽  
And Performance

ABSTRACT The purpose of this paper was to analyze the relationships between the portfolio turnover and performance of equity investment funds in Brazil. There are few published studies on the subject, but the previously identified Brazilian studies that have examined making changes to portfolios have been limited to very restricted data samples and have only worked with an ordinary least squares (OLS) model without taking into account the indications of international studies and economic theory itself of the possible endogeneity of turnover, which would make OLS estimation inadequate. The expressive growth of the fund industry in the Brazilian market shows the relevance of the object of research. Two portfolio turnover metrics were analyzed: one based on changes in the monetary values of the assets and another based on changing the weights of the assets in the portfolio. The estimations were performed for fixed effects panel data and then for a two-stage least squares model, using instrumental variables. The funds that make up the sample are those classified as “free shares” in the period from January of 2012 to January of 2018. The results showed that there is a positive relationship between the portfolio turnover and performance of the equity investment funds, showing that managers have been able to take advantage of moments of mispricing in the market and that they carry out more trades in search of higher returns. This research extends the results in the literature as it shows that there is a positive relationship between the turnover and performance of equity investment funds that is independent of the way turnover or performance are measured, which has shown inconclusive results in previous studies. Furthermore, it presents evidence for a more representative and current sample in an emerging market.

The Hidden Cost of Contracts on Relationships and Performance

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eileen Y. Chou ◽  
Nir Halevy ◽  
J. Keith Murnighan
Keyword(s):  
Hidden Cost ◽  
And Performance

scholarly journals A standardized protocol for the comprehensive assessment of dental hygiene work

Work ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Shawn C. Roll ◽  
Mark E. Hardison ◽  
Jane L. Forrest ◽  
Nikki L. Colclazier ◽  
Joyce Y. Sumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dental Hygiene ◽  
Dental Hygienists ◽  
Engineering Controls ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Coding Scheme ◽  
Video Acquisition ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Observation Protocol

BACKGROUND: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are prevalent in dental hygienists. Although engineering controls and ergonomic training is available, it is unclear why this intransigent problem continues. One possible barrier is that a comprehensive, standardized protocol for evaluating dental hygiene work does not exist. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to generate a valid and reliable observational protocol for the assessment of dental hygiene work. METHODS: An iterative process was used to establish and refine an ecologically valid video acquisition and observation protocol to assess key activities, tasks, and performance components of dental hygiene work. RESULTS: Good inter-rater reliability was achieved across all variables when the final coding scheme was completed by three independent raters. CONCLUSIONS: This work provides an exemplar of the process required to generate a comprehensive protocol for evaluating the work components of a particular job, and provides standardized nomenclature for use by scientists and practitioners interested in understanding and addressing the pervasive issue of work-related disorders in dental hygienists.

Trade Unions and the Welfare of Rural-Urban Migrant Workers in China

ILR Review ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 001979392110044
Author(s):  
Alison Booth ◽  
Richard Freeman ◽  
Xin Meng ◽  
Jilu Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Trade Union ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Urban Migrant

Using a panel survey, the authors investigate how the welfare of rural-urban migrant workers in China is affected by trade union presence at the workplace. Controlling for individual fixed effects, they find the following. Relative to workers from workplaces without union presence or with inactive unions, both union-covered non-members and union members in workplaces with active unions earn higher monthly income, are more likely to have a written contract, be covered by social insurances, receive fringe benefits, express work-related grievances through official channels, feel more satisfied with their lives, and are less likely to have mental health problems.

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