scholarly journals Advancing the Frontier of Peacekeeping Research

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (7) ◽  
pp. 1595-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora-Ismene Gizelis ◽  
Michelle Benson
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Units Of Analysis ◽  
Specific Composition ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Cultural Affinity ◽  
The Impact

The impact of United Nations (UN) peacekeeping on conflict has received a sustained amount of attention in the empirical literature. The advent of new data on UN peacekeeping and new temporal units of analysis have enabled researchers to expand the frontiers of peacekeeping research and undertake a more nuanced examination of peacekeeping effectiveness. In this special section, a series of articles examine how UN peacekeeping affects different types of violence within conflicts and leads to different types of peaceful outcomes. Factors such as the cultural affinity between peacekeepers and local communities, the size of peacekeeping operations and the specific composition of UN forces are shown to be important variables associated with lower levels of casualties and violence and also a higher likelihood of mediation and timely peaceful settlements in civil wars. In the aggregate, these articles suggest that robust peacekeeping is associated with better outcomes in many stages of conflict.

Why peace endures: an analysis of post-conflict stabilisation

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Caplan ◽  
Anke Hoeffler
Keyword(s):  
Sierra Leone ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
East Timor ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Post Conflict ◽  
Negotiated Settlements ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Conflict Termination ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThis article is concerned with explaining why peace endures in countries that have experienced a civil armed conflict. We use a mixed methods approach by evaluating six case studies (Burundi, East Timor, El Salvador, Liberia, Nepal, Sierra Leone) and survival analysis that allows us to consider 205 peace episodes since 1990. We find that it is difficult to explain why peace endures using statistical analysis but there is some indication that conflict termination is important in post-conflict stabilisation: negotiated settlements are more likely to break down than military victories. We also consider the impact of UN peacekeeping operations on the duration of peace but find little evidence of their contribution. However, in situations where UN peacekeeping operations are deployed in support of negotiated settlements they do seem to contribute to peace stabilisation.

Ethnicity and strategy in the Bosnian civil war

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (6) ◽  
pp. 801-815 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Costalli ◽  
Francesco Niccolò Moro
Keyword(s):  
Civil Wars ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Strategic Incentives ◽  
Disaggregated Data ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
Ethnic Polarization ◽  
The Impact

The impact of ethnicity for the onset of conflicts has often been dismissed in the cross-country empirical literature on civil wars. Recently, however, several studies using disaggregated data have reached different conclusions and highlight the importance of the configuration of ethno-national groups. This article follows the latter approach and investigates a different phenomenon: the impact of ethnic heterogeneity on the severity of violence. Using disaggregated data at municipality level in Bosnia and Herzegovina, we perform a quantitative analysis to assess the impact of various indices of heterogeneity on the number of casualties that occurred in the 1992–95 war in the 109 municipalities composing the country. We argue that in a context where ethnicity plays a key role in shaping rivalry among groups, ethnic polarization, in particular, creates strategic incentives for severe violence as armed groups try to create ethnically homogenous territories in the first phase of the war. By also including the temporal dimension in the analysis, we show that ethnic polarization loses its impact as the war evolves over time; therefore, the geographic location of the municipalities becomes the best predictor of severe clashes because as the war goes on, ethnic groups shift their objective from creating internally homogenous municipalities to consolidating wider areas. As such, municipalities located on politically and militarily relevant frontlines experience the highest levels of violence.

scholarly journals Measuring the Impact of SDGs on International Law - A Nucleus of a Right to Peace?

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ursula Werther-Pietsch
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
International Law ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Sustainable Development Goal ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
2030 Agenda ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Potential Impact ◽  
The Impact

 The thesis of this article is to unpack potential impact of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development of the United Nations on international law in the field of peacebuilding, and a right to peace in particular. It is argued that the issues of fragility, human security and resilience as stipulated in the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 of the Agenda created a valid entry point for steering transition from war to peace in a normative way. In fostering a comprehensive ius post bellum for societal change, this makes crystal-clear that the principle of self-determination functions as a meta-goal of the international order. The 2015 review of UN peacekeeping operations and the UN Security Council’s resolution 2282/2016 regarding sustained peace sharpen this finding in contrast to new geopolitical trends. It can be summarized that peacebuilding and statebuilding strategies are serviced by insights of the new consensus preparing for a rare momentum to move forward a universal right to peace. 

Making Peace or Preventing It? UN Peacekeeping, Terrorism, and Civil War Negotiations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaisa Hinkkainen Elliott ◽  
Sara M T Polo ◽  
Liana Eustacia Reyes
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Peace Operations ◽  
Direct Test ◽  
Monthly Data ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Rebel Groups ◽  
Un Peacekeeping

Abstract Previous studies have highlighted that United Nations (UN) peacekeeping operations are effective at reducing violence during civil wars. But can these operations also change the incentives of the warring parties and lead them to pursue non-violent alternatives? This article provides the first direct test of UN peacekeeping troops’ effectiveness at inducing non-violent engagements, specifically negotiations during civil wars. Our analysis of disaggregated monthly data on peace operations, negotiations, and violence in African conflicts (1989–2009) reveals that sizable deployments of UN military troops, by themselves, are insufficient to foster negotiations, even when they reduce battlefield violence. Instead, the probability of negotiation instances is conditional on rebel tactics. We posit, when rebels engage in terrorism, peacekeeping troops can inadvertently alter the “power to hurt” of the belligerents in favor of rebel groups and create conditions conducive to negotiations. Our results have important implications for research on the effectiveness of both peacekeeping and terrorism and for policy-making.

Power in Peacekeeping by Lise Morjé Howard

2020 ◽  
pp. 99-100
Author(s):  
Natasha Khan
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
International Relations ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Central African Republic ◽  
Verbal Persuasion ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions

Howard is an experienced scholar in the fields of international relations, civil wars, peacekeeping and conflict resolution. She has authored several works on peacekeeping such as Learning to Keep the Peace? United Nations Multidimensional Peacekeeping in Civil Wars (2001), and UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars (2007). Her recent work, Power in Peacekeeping, takes a novel approach to explore UN Peacekeeping Operations. This book makes a case for looking at the dynamics of power in peacekeeping missions and exploring how peacekeepers wield their authority in peacekeeping missions. The author suggests that while most studies on peacekeeping document empirical accounts of the successes and failures of PKO’s, it can prove beneficial to understand what kind of powers peacekeepers wield on the ground. These powers are grouped into three major categories: financial and institutional inducement, verbal persuasion, and coercion. The author further categorizes these into, persuasion in Namibia, financial inducement in southern Lebanon and coercion in the Central African Republic. Acting as part of a journalist team, the author has first-hand experience in the areas explored in the book and offers detailed accounts backed by existing research in the field of peacekeeping.

Gender and Peacekeeping

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Whiting
Keyword(s):  
Focal Point ◽  
Operational Effectiveness ◽  
Suez Crisis ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
Peacekeeping Forces ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
The Impact

A major challenge for contemporary military policy makers has been the integration of gender into policy. Since 2000, Canada has opened all military roles (including combat and naval ones) to women. This includes Canadian participation in peacekeeping operations (PKO), an essential part of the national identity.  From Lester B. Pearson’s work with the United Nations during the Suez crisis to missions in Haiti, Cyprus and Bosnia, Canada has been a part of multilateral operations to support peaceful resolution of conflicts throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Tens of thousands of Canadians have served in over 40 peacekeeping and peace support operations since the 1960s (Veterans Affairs Canada, 2011, 2012). Despite the freedom to participate, women still constitute a significant minority of Canadian and UN peacekeeping forces. Yet, the nature of PKO and the roles Canadians play today has changed significantly since the end of the Cold War. The impact of armed conflict on women has dramatically increased and the violation of women’s rights has become a focal point in most modern conflicts. Due to the changes in conflicts and the role of a peacekeeper, the integration of gender into all aspects of peacekeeping operations would significantly increase their operational effectiveness. I will begin by explaining the types of modern peacekeeping operations, defining the concept of gender and discussing how operational effectiveness of peacekeeping is measured. Utilizing this definition of operational effectiveness, this presentation will explore how the inclusion of gender will increase operational effectiveness from two perspectives – that of the peacekeeper and that of the victim.

4. Peacekeeping to peacebuilding

2015 ◽  
pp. 71-90
Author(s):  
Jussi M. Hanhimäki
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Peacekeeping Operations ◽  
Un Peacekeeping ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Peacekeeping Missions

Peacekeeping is among the most visible roles of the United Nations. But how much do people trust in UN peacekeeping operations? ‘Peacekeeping to peacebuilding’ shows how the UN has struggled to live up to the expectations of its founders in this area. Between 1948 and 1988 the UNSC authorized only thirteen peacekeeping missions. In those years, a number of interstate and an increasing number of intrastate (or civil) wars took place. Cold War pressures explain, to some extent, this imperfect record. Today's more numerous peacekeeping activities are far more complex in nature than they used to be: keeping peace is more than just making and building peace.

The Welfare States and Poverty

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheol-Sung Lee ◽  
In-Hoe Koo
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Economic Transformation ◽  
Welfare States ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Welfare Regimes ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Welfare Institutions ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the impact of welfare states on poverty reduction. It considers how different welfare regimes have reacted to help stressed populations, especially the poor, and how welfare states in developing countries protect their less capable populations under the pressures of globalization and postindustrial economic transformation. To address these questions, the article reviews existing theoretical and empirical literature on welfare states and poverty. It first describes three welfare state typologies in terms of skill and employment provisions before discussing the issues of targeting and encompassing welfare institutions. It then explores the redistributive policies of welfare states and how demographic transformations affect poverty. It also assesses the effects of two different types of welfare regimes observed in developing countries—productivist and protectionist welfare regimes—on poverty outcomes. Finally, it analyzes which configurations of social policies reduce poverty more effectively.

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