scholarly journals A Sexual Harm? HIV Transmission, ‘Biological’ GBH and Ancillary Sentencing Provisions in England and Wales

2021 ◽  
pp. 002201832199109
Author(s):  
Cameron Giles
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
Sexual Offences ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Harm Prevention ◽  
Sexual Offences Act 2003

This article examines the scope and meaning of ‘sexual harm’ within the context of ancillary sentencing orders in England and Wales. It argues that the statutory definition provided in the Sexual Offences Act 2003, recently replicated in the Sentencing Act 2020, does not extend to the transmission of sexually communicable infections and that, subsequently, it is inappropriate for Sexual Harm Prevention Orders to be imposed with the aim of preventing transmissions of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). It suggests that recent case law reinforces this point and that the questions this raises reflect the broader need for further scrutiny of the aims and purposes of sentencing, and criminalisation more generally, in instances of STI transmission.

What are the duties of an outgoing trustee?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Alexander ◽  
Michael Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Case Law ◽  
Recent Case ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Royal Court ◽  
Trust Company

Abstract The recent case of Geneva Trust Company SA v D and Ors [2020] JRC 104 has served to shed interesting new light on the duties of outgoing trustees regarding disclosure of documents and information (in other words, trust records) by a retiring trustee to a new trustee. The general principles of Jersey law in this area are relatively well-defined, as per the Trusts (Jersey) Law 1984 (the Trusts Law) and a not inconsiderable body of case law derived from the Royal Court in Jersey as well as of the courts of England and Wales. However, it is useful to both professional trustees and legal practitioners alike when the Court provides further elucidation. The Geneva Trust Company case centred around the transfer of trust records for the D Discretionary Trust (the DDT) from the former trustee, Geneva Trust Company SA (formerly known as Rawlinson & Hunter Trustees SA) (the Former Trustee) to the current joint trustees, Fort Trustees Limited and Balchan Management Limited (collectively, the Current Trustees).

scholarly journals Surveillance of sexually transmitted infections in England and Wales

1998 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 61-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Hughes ◽  
M Catchpole
Keyword(s):  
Infectious Diseases ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Owing to the unique link between the epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and human behaviour, the surveillance of STIs requires the collection of more demographic and behavioural data than for other infectious diseases. In order to supp

scholarly journals Low prevalence of HIV and other selected sexually transmitted infections in 2004 in pregnant women from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (9) ◽  
pp. 1290-1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. KINOSHITA-MOLEKA ◽  
J. S. SMITH ◽  
J. ATIBU ◽  
A. TSHEFU ◽  
J. HEMINGWAY-FODAY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Male Partner ◽  
Treponema Pallidum ◽  
Syphilis Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Low Prevalence

SUMMARYThis study examined the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnant women in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Between April and July 2004, antenatal attendees at two of the largest maternity clinics in Kinshasa were tested to identify HIV status, syphilis, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). HIV seroprevalence was 1·9% in 2082 women. With PCR techniques, CT and NG infections were also uncommon in the first 529 women (1·7% and 0·4%, respectively). No active syphilis infection case was identified by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) and rapid plasma reagin test (RPR). A woman's risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with her reporting a male partner having had other female sexual partners (OR 2·7, 95% CI 1·2–6·2). The continuing low seroprevalence of HIV in pregnant women from Kinshasa was confirmed. Understanding factors associated with this phenomenon could help prevent a future HIV epidemic in low HIV transmission areas in Africa.

Superimposing incident sexually transmitted infections on HIV phylogram to investigate possible misclassification of men who have sex with men as heterosexuals in a cohort in Antwerp, Belgium

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 486-495
Author(s):  
Kara K Osbak ◽  
Conor J Meehan ◽  
Sergio G Ribas ◽  
Leo Heyndrickx ◽  
Kevin K Ariën ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sexual Behaviour ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Transmission Risk ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Hiv Transmission Risk

In this study, we assessed if the superimposition of incident sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV phylogenetic analyses could reveal possible sexual behaviour misclassifications in our HIV-infected population. HIV-1 sequences collected between 1997 and 2014 from 1169 individuals attending a HIV clinic in Antwerp, Belgium were analysed to infer a partial HIV transmission network. Individual demographic, clinical and laboratory data collected during routine HIV follow-up were used to compare clustered and non-clustered individuals using logistic regression analyses. In total, 438 (37.5%) individuals were identified in 136 clusters, including 76 transmission pairs and 60 clusters consisting of three or more individuals. Individuals in a cluster were more likely to have a history of syphilis, Chlamydia and/or gonorrhoea (P < 0.05); however, when analyses were stratified by HIV transmission risk groups (heterosexual and men who have sex with men [MSM]), this association only remained significant for heterosexuals with syphilis (P = 0.001). Under closer scrutiny, this association was driven by six heterosexual men who were located in six almost exclusively MSM clusters. A parsimonious conclusion is that these six individuals were potentially misclassified as heterosexual. Improving the accuracy of sexual behaviour reporting could improve care.

Undetected anogenital sexually transmitted infections among young adults living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy: Implications for HIV treatment as prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 095646242110465
Author(s):  
Seth C Kalichman ◽  
Lisa A Eaton ◽  
Moira O Kalichman
Keyword(s):  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Treatment As Prevention ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Art Adherence ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Condomless Anal Intercourse ◽  
Living With Hiv

Undetected sexually transmitted infections (STIs) pose health threats to people living with HIV and when combined with uncontrolled HIV can amplify HIV transmission. The current study screened 174 self-identified men under age 36 living with HIV and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for urethral and rectal incident chlamydia and gonorrhea infections. Participants were also screened for biomarkers indicating alcohol and other drug use, subclinical genital inflammation, and HIV viral load. ART adherence and sexual behaviors were also assessed prospectively over 1 month. Results detected an undiagnosed STI in 32 (18%) individuals. Participants with a previously undetected STI had significantly greater HIV viremia than those who did not have an STI after controlling for several confounding variables. Participants with an undetected STI also engaged in greater condomless anal intercourse with HIV negative and unknown status partners, including partners to whom they had not disclosed their HIV status. These findings show that undetected STI are associated with incomplete ART adherence and unsuppressed HIV, all of which are important for preventing HIV transmission.

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