Drug Legalization, Elite Support, and Government Effectiveness in Latin America

2021 ◽  
pp. 002204262110554
Author(s):  
Asbel Bohigues ◽  
Xavier Fernández-i-Marín
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bayesian Hierarchical ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Logistic Analysis ◽  
Drug Legalization ◽  
The Government

In Latin America, the legalization of drugs—where it occurred—has been driven mainly by elites, although much attention has been placed on public opinion. Considering that efforts toward legalization have been top-down, analysis should concentrate on opinions of the governing elites. To undertake such an analysis, we draw on data from surveys conducted in 18 Latin American parliaments (2012–2018), and we examine elite perspectives on the legalization of all drugs. Results from a Bayesian hierarchical logistic analysis show that in countries where the government is less effective, and where public health problems persist, legislators are less likely to support legalization. We argue that this is due to a lack of trust by MPs in legalization as a solution to trafficking. Wherever those concerned with drug trafficking see the current government as problematic, they will be less likely to support so challenging and complex a policy as drug legalization.

scholarly journals The Influence of Government Effectiveness and Corruption on the High Levels of Homicide in Latin America

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 172
Author(s):  
Spencer P. Chainey ◽  
Gonzalo Croci ◽  
Laura Juliana Rodriguez Forero
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
International Variation ◽  
Government Effectiveness ◽  
Latin American Region ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Structural Variables ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Latin America Region

Most research that has examined the international variation in homicide levels has focused on structural variables, with the suggestion that socio-economic development operates as a cure for violence. In Latin America, development has occurred, but high homicide levels remain, suggesting the involvement of other influencing factors. We posit that government effectiveness and corruption control may contribute to explaining the variation in homicide levels, and in particular in the Latin America region. Our results show that social and economic structural variables are useful but are not conclusive in explaining the variation in homicide levels and that the relationship between homicide, government effectiveness, and corruption control was significant and highly pronounced for countries in the Latin American region. The findings highlight the importance of supporting institutions in improving their effectiveness in Latin America so that reductions in homicide (and improvements in citizen security in general) can be achieved.

scholarly journals Smoking in Latin America: a major public health problem

1998 ◽  
Vol 14 (suppl 3) ◽  
pp. S109-S115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Luiza da Costa e Silva ◽  
Sergio Koifman
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Lung Cancer Mortality ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Tobacco Epidemic ◽  
Latin American Countries

Smoking has become a major public health problem in Latin America, and its scope varies from country to country. Despite difficulties in obtaining methodologically consistent data for the region, we analyzed the results from prevalence surveys in 14 Latin American countries. Smoking prevalence among men varied from 24.1% (Paraguay) to 66.3% (Dominican Republic) and among women from 5.5% (Paraguay) to 26,6% (Uruguay). By applying point prevalence data to the stage model of the tobacco epidemic in developed countries, we concluded that the Latin American countries are in stage 2, i.e., with a clearly rising prevalence among men, a prevalence for women that is beginning to increase, and mortality attributable to smoking among men still not reflecting peak prevalence. None of the countries analyzed appeared to have reached stage 3, in which one observes a downward trend in prevalence of smoking among men and peak prevalence among women, with broad impact on tobacco-related mortality. The only exception appears to be Paraguay, which is still emerging from stage 1, i.e., with low prevalence rates among men, too. Nevertheless, high lung cancer mortality rates in Uruguay and Argentina are comparable to those of the developed countries.

Public Health and Medicine in Latin America

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Emanuelle Birn
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Organizational Models ◽  
Regional Innovation ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
Global Health Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Medicine Today ◽  
Contemporary Context

The countries of Latin America are enormously diverse demographically, geographically, politically, economically, and culturally, yet they share certain features, providing coherence to thinking about the history of health and medicine in regional terms. This article throws light on more recent scholarship that shows considerable regional innovation and the worldwide reverberation of a range of ‘homegrown’ medical ideas and practices, public health policies, and health care organizational models. It addresses these developments, diversities, and congruities through five historical eras and thematic perspectives. Finally, it concludes with an analysis of historiographical approaches in the contemporary context, exploring the major challenges facing historians writing about Latin American health and medicine today, particularly the links between history and contemporary national and global health policy issues.

UM CIGARRO PARA UM AMIGO: a Guerra Civil Espanhola na Imprensa Comunista Mexicana

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 222-245
Author(s):  
FáBIO DA SILVA SOUSA
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Spanish Civil War ◽  
Discursive Strategies ◽  
The Government ◽  
America Latina ◽  
Lazaro Cardenas

Em 1936, eclodiu na Espanha a Guerra Civil. Esse conflito ceifou vidas, soterrou sonhos e foi uma derrota para anarquistas e comunistas. Na América Latina, o México, então governado pelo Gen. Lázaro Cárdenas, apoiou os combatentes republicanos. Além do governo, os comunistas mexicanos também se engajaram nessa Guerra. O Partido Comunista Mexicano (PCM) utilizou as páginas do periódico El Machete para noticiar o desenrolar do conflito e também para angariar apoio aos republicanos. Assim, o presente artigo objetiva analisar o material impresso da Guerra Civil Espanhola publicado nas páginas do El Machete de 1936 a 1938. Por meio de uma análise do material, serão discutidas as estratégias discursivas que o periódico comunista mexicano utilizou em sua cobertura do conflito espanhol e a imagem que ele construiu para os leitores sobre a Guerra que estava em curso do outro lado do continente latino-americano.Palavras-chave: Imprensa Comunista. México. Espanha.A CIGARETTE FOR A FRIEND: The Spanish Civil War in the Mexican Communist PressAbstract: In 1936 the Civil War broke out in Spain. Such fighting mowed down lives, buried dreams and was a defeat for anarchists and communists. In Latin America, Mexico, then, ruled by General Lazaro Cardenas, supported the Republican fighters. Besides the government, the Mexican communists also supported the war. The Mexican Communist Party (MCP) used its periodical - the El Machete - to report the course of the conflict and also to raise support for the Spanish Republicans. Thus, this article aims to analyze the printed material from the Spanish Civil War published on the pages of El Machete from 1936 to 1938. Through the analysis of the material selected, it will be discussed the discursive strategies that the Mexican Communist journal used in its coverage of the Spanish conflict and the image it has presented to its readers about the war that was taking place across the Latin American continent.Keywords: Communist Press. Mexico. Spain.  UN CIGARRILLO A UN AMIGO: La Guerra Civil Española en la Prensa Comunista MexicanaResumen: En 1936 estalló en España la Guerra Civil. Este conflicto se ha cobrado vidas, sueños fueron enterrados y fue una derrocada para los anarquistas y comunistas. En América Latina, el México gobernado por el Gen. Lázaro Cárdenas apoyó a los combatientes republicanos. Además del gobierno, los comunistas mexicanos también participan en esa Guerra. El Partido Comunista Mexicano (PCM) utilizó las páginas del periódico El Machete para informar el curso del conflicto y también para obtener el apoyo a los republicanos. Este artá­culo tiene como objetivo analizar el material de impresión de la Guerra Civil Española publicado en las páginas de El Machete, en el perá­odo de 1936 hasta 1938. A través del estudio de ese material, se discutirán las estrategias discursivas que El Machete utilizó en su cobertura del conflicto español y la imagen que se construyó para los lectores del periódico comunista mexicano de esa Guerra que estaba en marcha del otro lado del continente latino-americano.Palabras claves: Prensa comunista. México. España.

Ageing, Development and Social Service Delivery Systems in Latin America: Problems and Perspectives

1982 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge I. Tapia-Videla ◽  
Charles J. Parrish
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Social Service ◽  
National Development ◽  
Social Service Delivery ◽  
Service Delivery Systems

ABSTRACTEconomic development in Latin America has facilitated the broadening and improvement of governmental services in public health, social security and public administration. These improvements, particularly in public health, have precipitated changes in rates of morbidity and mortality. Many countries have also experienced a fall in birth rates during this period. The result of people living longer and having fewer children is a progressive ageing of Latin American societies. This article explores some critical questions posed by the ageing of populations in these societies. Within the context of varying patterns of national development, special emphasis is placed on the systemic potential for politico-administrative response in the area of social and health services.

scholarly journals Important contribution to Russian Latin American studies

2021 ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Anatoly Borovkov
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Political Development ◽  
American Studies ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Latin American Studies ◽  
The Government

The book examines the main trends in Mexico's international activities in the first two decades of the XXI century, as well as the leading trends in its socio-political development. The author tried to show that Mexico is more and more actively involved in solving the main problems of world politics, where it emphatically takes independent positions. Mexico's relations with the United States, with the countries of Latin America, with China and Spain, as well as the prospects for expanding ties with Russia are analyzed, Mexico's position in the UN is shown and the prospects for the development of its foreign policy under the government of Lopez Obrador.

scholarly journals Sectorial specialisation in East Asia and Latin America compared

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-634 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARCELA MIOZZO
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Latin America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Latin American ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Institutional Arrangements ◽  
The Other ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Latin American Countries

ABSTRACT East Asian countries have been successful at specialising in machinery and capital goods. Latin American countries, on the other hand, have retreated from these sectors, reinforcing their specialisation in resource-intensive goods. Institutional arrangements in place in both regions explain these divergences. In particular, the differences in the strategy and structure of leading firms, the nature of industrial promotion by the government, the development and support of small and medium-sized firms and the operation of foreign-owned firms may explain the respective success and failure in sectoral specialisation in machinery. Failure to develop these sectors may hinder the process of economic development.

scholarly journals The Role of Telemedicine on Ecuador During COVID-19 Crisis: A Perspective from a Volunteer Physician

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan Nicolalde
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health System ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Call Center ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Public Health Systems ◽  
Psychological Point ◽  
The Government

Ecuador is one of the most affected countries of COVID-19 in Latin American. The government invited physicians to become a volunteer to attend call center and practice telemedicine in order to relief an oversaturated health system. Due lack of availability and digital illiteracy the government implement just standard calls. The difficulties that can be faced are secondary to establishing the severity of a patient only with subjective measures and to achieving effective coordination of telemedicine with public health systems. The role played by the doctor during this crisis is fundamental from the educational, preventive and psychological point of view.  

scholarly journals US IN LATIN AMERICA: KEY CURRENT INTERESTS AND METHODS OF THEIR ADVANCEMENT

2017 ◽  
pp. 52-66
Author(s):  
T. Kulinich
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Soft Power ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Us Economy ◽  
The Us ◽  
Latin American Countries

The present article reviews the current set of interests of the United States of America in respect of Latin American countries. The author believes that the key groups of interests pursued by the US in Latin America are as follows: political and security interests, economic interests, and combined interests, the most important of the latter being the interests relating to combating drug trafficking. The author believes that the economic interest, albeit being a secondary one in terms of formal hierarchy of interests, is in fact one of the core US interests in the region at present. The US is interested to preserve its influence upon the Latin American market, and further engage the Latin American workforce and industrial capacities to the benefit of the US economy. The US pursues its interests in Latin America, inter alia, through various integration projects, including NAFTA, CAFTA-DR, FTAA, and a range of free trade areas. The article also addresses the interest of the US in the field of prevention of drug trafficking, which constitutes an important area of cooperation between the US and the Latin American countries concerned. The author argues that, despite the fact that the current outcomes of the ongoing war on drugs may be perceived as controversial, the issue in question serves as a strong factor contributing to the growth of the US influence over, and its presence within, the region. The article also reviews key methods used by the US to further its interests in Latin America, including the classical methods and those relating to soft power.

PAPA FRANCISCO E A INSTITUIÇÃO DE UM GOVERNO LATINO-AMERICANO NO VATICANO "Pope Francis and the establishment of a latin american government in the Vatican"

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
pp. 65
Author(s):  
Lucas Soares Portela
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
First Year ◽  
American Government ◽  
Pope Francis ◽  
The Government ◽  
America Latina ◽  
The Church ◽  
Political Decisions

Da mesma forma que Cristo dividiu sua missão com os apóstolos, o Papa divide seu pontificado com colaboradores, sendo estes determinantes para a condução da Política da Igreja. Este artigo aborda as alterações que o Papa Francisco realizou durante o primeiro ano de seu pontificado, com o objetivo de analisar as tendências organizacionais deste novo pontificado e sua relação com a “hemorragia de fiéis” na América Latina. Esta reflexão é realizada abordando inicialmente os aspectos metodológicos sobre a Política Vaticana. Posteriormente, o artigo realiza um debate sobre novos órgãos no processo decisório vaticanista e a reconfiguração de órgãos antigos. Além de falar das mudanças, o artigo também fala das manutenções no processo decisório da Igreja, pois elas também trazem muito significado sobre as intenções do papa Argentino. Para tanto, o método de pesquisa utilizado é a documentação direta, tendo com instrumentos a pesquisa bibliográfica e documental. Ao final do artigo, foi concluída uma tendência ao perfil moderado no governo do Papa Francisco, além de uma predisposição por nomes latino-americanos ou que tiveram experiências e residências no continente latino-americano. Os resultados deste estudo contribuem para futuras pesquisas sobre o governo da Santa Sé em resposta a “hemorragia de fiéis” na América Latina. Palavras-chave: Igreja Católica. Cardeais. Organização Política.AbstractAs the same way Christ shared his mission with the apostles, the Pope shares his administration with his collaborators and the choice of these men is crucial for the conduct of Church.This article discusses the changes that the Pope Francis held during the first year of his pontificate to analyze the organizational trends of this new pontificate and its relationship with the bleeding of the faithful in Latin America. The discussion covers methodological issues about Vatican policy; a debate on new organs of the Vatican in political decisions; reconfiguration of existing agencies; and maintenance in the decision making process of the church. Thus, the research method used was direct documentation, and used the bibliographic and documentary research. Finally, the article noted a tendency to moderate profile in the government of the Pope Francisco, and it also noted a predisposition for Latin-American names or who have had experiences and residences in the Latin American continent. Result of this priority to stop the bleeding of the faithful in Latin America and manage crises in the Church as a whole.Keywords: Catholic Church. Cardinals. Policy Organization. 

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