Effects of Conductor Baton Use on Band and Choral Musicians’ Perceptions of Conductor Expressivity and Clarity

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 474-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Nápoles ◽  
Brian A. Silvey
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Choral Directors ◽  
Choral Conductor ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
College Band

The purpose of this study was to examine participants’ (college band and choral musicians, N = 143) perceptions of conductor clarity and expressivity after viewing band and choral directors conducting with or without a baton. One band and one choral conductor each prepared and conducted two excerpts of Guy Forbes’s O Nata Lux, a piece written in both choral and band idioms, with and without a baton. Participants viewed 10 excerpts (four choral, four band, and two distractors) and rated the conductors’ clarity and expressivity on 10-point Likert-type scales. There were significant main effects for participant ensemble emphasis (choral or band), baton use, and conductor type (choral or band), and a significant interaction between conductor type and baton use. The choral conductor was perceived to be clearer without a baton, whereas the band conductor was perceived to be clearer with a baton. The choral conductor was perceived to be more expressive with a baton, and the band conductor was perceived to be more expressive without a baton.

Separate Room Testing Accommodations for Students With and Without ADHD

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 852-862 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin J. Lovett ◽  
Lawrence J. Lewandowski ◽  
Lindsey Carter
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Testing Accommodations ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Parallel Forms ◽  
Performance Patterns ◽  
Students With Adhd ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Separate Room

Students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are frequently provided a separate room in which to take exams, to reduce external distractions. However, little research has explored the efficacy of this accommodation. In the present study, college students with ( n = 27) and without ( n = 42) ADHD diagnoses were administered two parallel forms of a timed silent reading comprehension test, one in a classroom with other students, and one in a private, proctored setting. A two-way analysis of variance found no significant main effects for either ADHD status or test setting on performance, and no significant interaction between the factors either. However, inspection of student-level data and exploration of continuous relationships between self-reported ADHD symptoms and test performance patterns suggested that separate room accommodations may be beneficial for a subgroup of students with ADHD.

Effects of Ethnicity in Attitudes toward Writing

1993 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruth E. Knudson
Keyword(s):  
School Districts ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Hispanic Students ◽  
Asian Students ◽  
Older Students ◽  
Attitudes Toward Writing ◽  
Competing Hypotheses ◽  
Anglo American ◽  
Main Effects

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of ethnicity (as culture) on attitudes toward writing of students in Grades 4 to 8. A 19-item survey was administered to 1798 students in Grades 4 to 8 in ten schools in three school districts. There was no significant effect of ethnicity on the Total score, but there were significant main effects for grade and for gender and a significant interaction only for ethnicity by grade. Follow-up of significant main effects using Scheffé tests indicated that older students have higher scores than younger ones, suggesting their attitudes are less positive and girls have lower scores than boys, indicating their attitudes are more positive. The interaction of ethnicity by grade points to a pattern of Anglo-American and Hispanic students having higher (less positive) scores at each grade. This pattern is similar for black and Asian students, but in Grade 7 black and Asian students have lower scores than those in Grade 6. Competing hypotheses to explain the main effects are discussed. Results of analyses of the three factors reported in the development of this instrument in addition to the analysis of the total score are also discussed.

Effects of Conducting Plane on Band and Choral Musicians’ Perceptions of Conductor and Ensemble Expressivity

2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian A. Silvey ◽  
Ryan A. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Choice Task ◽  
Conducting Plane ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Choral Conductor ◽  
Written Comments ◽  
Negative Comments ◽  
Type Band ◽  
Forced Choice Task

The purpose of this study was to examine whether one aspect of conducting technique, the conducting plane, would affect band and/or choral musicians’ perceptions of conductor and ensemble expressivity. A band and a choral conductor were each videotaped conducting 1-min excerpts from Morten Lauridsen’s O Magnum Mysterium while using a high, medium, and low conducting plane. These six videos then were synchronized with an appropriately corresponding identical high-quality band or choral audio excerpt. College ensemble members ( N = 120; band, n = 60; choral, n = 60) viewed all six videos and rated the expressivity of both the conductor and the ensemble. Through the use of a forced-choice task, they also provided one brief comment about either the conductor or the ensemble. Results indicated that conducting plane significantly affected ratings of both conductor and ensemble expressivity. A significant interaction was found between conducting plane (high, medium, and low) and ensemble type (band or choir audio excerpt heard) with regard to conductor expressivity ratings. Participants found the choir conductor conducting at the medium plane to be slightly more expressive than the band conductor conducting at the same plane. Conversely, participants rated the expressivity of the band conductor slightly higher than the choir conductor at both the high and low conducting planes. Participants’ written comments were directed predominantly at the conductor rather than the ensemble, and the high-conducting-plane videos elicited the most negative comments.

Problem-Solving Performances of First-Grade Children

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie P. Steffe ◽  
David C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Problem Type ◽  
Problem Types ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Main Effects

A sample of 111 first-grade children was partitioned into 4 categories, where the categorization was determined by an ability to make quantitative comparisons and IQ. 6 problems of each of 8 problem types were presented to each child in a randomized sequence. Approximately one-half of the children in each category were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 levels of Problem Conditions. A multivariate analysis of variance indicated that IQ was not significant. Problem Conditions was significant (p<.01p<.01). Univariate analysis indicated a significant interaction (p<.05p<.05) due to Quantitative Comparisons and Problem Conditions for 1 problem type; significant main effects (p<.01p<.01) due to Problem Conditions for the remaining 7 problem types; and a significant (p<.05p<.05) main effect due to Quantitative Comparisons for 1 of the remaining 7 problem types.

Possible Interaction between Vibration Thresholds by Sex and Motor Dominance in the Index Finger and Big Toe

1997 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 1091-1098 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul T. Ricci
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Vibrotactile Threshold ◽  
Great Toe ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Choice Procedure ◽  
Forced Choice Procedure ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Monofilament Test

Two studies suggest a possible interaction among sex, motor dominance, and vibrotactile threshold for the great toe and index finger. In Study 1 a forced-choice procedure with the Vibratron II (Physitemp Instruments, Inc.) was used; a significant interaction between sex and foot dominance for vibratory threshold was noted with no main effects for the great toe. The greatest difference between men and women was on the nondominant side on the foot. Study 2 replicated Study 1 using the index finger as well as the great toe and used the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test for a cross-modal comparison. A method of limits procedure was used to increase the generalizability of the data. A similar interaction was found between sex and motor dominance for the index finger but not the great toe. This was attributed to skewing of data for the toe. No effects were found for the Semmes-Weinstein test. Possible usefulness in detecting neuropathies is considered. Larger normative studies including variables such as age, height, and weight are required for generalizable conclusions.

Diagnosing Fictional Diseases: Age and Variability of Training Content in Concept Formation

2001 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 459-470
Author(s):  
Sharon Bertsch ◽  
Raymond E. Sanders ◽  
Rosalie Hall
Keyword(s):  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Concept Formation ◽  
Training Group ◽  
Paired Comparisons ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Learning Retention ◽  
Training Content ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
And Training

This experiment had two purposes: investigation of the effect of variability in the content used during training on concept learning, retention, and transfer and the extent to which this training manipulation interacts with age Participants were 27 older adults ( M = 68.2 yr., SD = 7.4) and 54 younger adults ( M = 20.6 yr., SD = 4.0) who were asked to learn an imaginary disease by reviewing the symptoms of fictional patients. Participants were assigned to one of two variability groups in training, which were defined by how much patient cases resembled each other. Dependent measures were classification accuracy over eight blocks of training, followed by retention and transfer (“diagnosing new patients”) two days later. Analysis of variance yielded only one significant interaction of age and training variability (on retention), but none of the paired comparisons were significantly different. There were no main effects of training group on any dependent variable.

Using MYSTAT to Analyze Simple Main Effects in Analysis of Variance

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 265-266
Author(s):  
Richard A. Hudiburg
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Interaction Effect ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Significant Interaction Effect ◽  
Effect Factor ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Main Effects

Research designs with two factors having a significant interaction effect are analyzed for simple main effects using MYSTAT. The coding used performs a series of one-way analyses of variance for each main-effect factor at only one level of the second factor.

scholarly journals Candidate Gene Test for Quantitative Trait Loci Conferring Hypercholesterolemia on Mouse Chromosome 1

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 942-942
Author(s):  
Jung Han Kim ◽  
Jacaline Parkman ◽  
Kristiana Sklioutovskaya-Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Trait Loci ◽  
Quantitative Trait ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Complementation Test ◽  
Total Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Total Plasma ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Trait Loci ◽  
Main Effects

Abstract Objectives The TALLYHO (TH) mouse is a polygenic model for obesity, type 2 diabetes and hyperlipidemia. We previously established a subcongenic mouse with TH donor segment, ∼25 Mb, on chromosome (Chr) 1 in a C57BL/6J (B6) background that harbors quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring hypercholesterolemia, named Tchol1 (Tallyho Associated Cholesterol 1). The subcongenic mouse developed hypercholesterolemia compared to B6 mice demonstrating that distal segment of Chr 1 from TH genome is necessary to cause the hypercholesterolemia. In this study, we tested the candidacy of the apolipoprotein A2 (Apoa2) gene for Tachol1 by the quantitative complementation test. Apoa2, known regulator of cholesterol metabolism, maps to the Tchol1 locus. Methods To carry out the quantitative complementation test, both TH-homozygous Tachol1 subcongenic and B6-homozygous (B6) mice were mated to the Apoa2 knockout heterozygous [wild-type (wt)/null] mice to produce four types of animals; TH/wt, TH/null, B6/wt, and B6/null. Both male and female mice were weaned onto standard rodent chow and maintained. Blood was collected when animals were euthanized at 16 weeks of age. Total plasma cholesterol levels were determined using colorimetric assays. A two-way ANOVA was used to evaluate Apoa2 (null vs. wt) and Tachol1 (TH vs. B6) interaction effects for dependent variables, followed by the multiple comparison post test with Tukey correction using GraphPad Prism 8. Results Total plasma cholesterol levels were: 137 ± 5 (TH/wt), 119 ± 8 (TH/null), 103 ± 8 (B6/wt), and 80 ± 4 (B6/null) for males, and 149 ± 8 (TH/wt), 130 ± 9 (TH/null), 98 ± 3 (B6/wt), and 103 ± 6 (B6/null) for females [mean ± s.e.m; mg/dl]. Two-way ANOVA revealed no significant interaction between Tchol1 and Apoa2 knockout alleles for total plasma cholesterol levels in both males and females. However, there were significant main effects of Tchol1 and Apoa2 knockout alleles on total plasma cholesterol levels in males, while significant main effects of Tchol1 on them in females. Conclusions No significant interaction effect between knockout and QTL alleles is interpreted as evidence that the knockout locus is not equal to the QTL. Our results suggest that the Apoa2 gene is not identical to the Tchol1 QTL. Funding Sources AHA 18AIREA33960437, NIH 1 R15 DK113604-01A1, the WV-INBRE grant (P20GM103434), and the COBRE ACCORD grant (1P20GM121299).

Timing of Anticipatory Responses following an Isometric Contraction

1994 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 1344-1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce R. Etnyre ◽  
Joseph J. Deorest
Keyword(s):  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Average Response ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Over Time

The effects on timing of anticipation following an isometric contraction were investigated. Using a Bassin timer, 35 subjects performed 10 trials for each of 4 forewarning periods at 3 stimulus speeds resulting in 120 trials for the control condition. An additional 120 trials were performed by all subjects following an isometric contraction for each trial. Over all trials, average responses indicated early anticipation of the timing target. The shortest forewarning period and slowest speed of stimulus produced the earliest responses and the longest forewarning period and fastest speed of stimulus produced responses closest to temporal coincidence. Subjects responded faster after the isometric contraction. Significant differences were observed for the main effects of forewarning period and speed of the stimulus. A significant interaction resulted for condition by forewarning periods. The postcontraction condition produced a significantly earlier average response than the control condition for all but the shortest forewarning period. The findings supported the concept that the time needed to respond during postcontraction effects is reduced. With prior contraction, anticipatory timing gradually diminished over time following the contraction.

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