scholarly journals Gender inclusivity through maize breeding in Africa: A review of the issues and options for future engagement

2021 ◽  
pp. 003072702110582
Author(s):  
Rachel C. Voss ◽  
Jason Donovan ◽  
Pieter Rutsaert ◽  
Jill E. Cairns
Keyword(s):  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

With the prioritization of social inclusion in agricultural development, donors and research centers have shown growing interest in gender-intentional varietal development and delivery. Breeding maize varieties that respond to gender-based differences in trait preferences now represents a central objective of maize R&D in the CGIAR and elsewhere. Drawing on literature on gender and maize seed adoption, variety preferences, and seed system constraints, we take stock of knowns and unknowns related to gender-responsive and gender-intentional maize breeding. While recent research on farmers’ variety preferences across crops has yielded insights into gender-based differences, we find that evidence of gender-differentiated preferences for maize varieties remains inconclusive. Ultimately, we identify several research priorities to support gender-intentional maize breeding, including a more nuanced understanding of gender relations in maize production and maize seed decision-making, new and more gender-responsive approaches to measuring farmer preferences and seed demand more broadly, and research to address operational challenges in gender-intentional breeding. We close by identifying some institutional constraints to achieving impact through gender-intentional maize breeding.

scholarly journals Impacto de la investigación en mejoramiento de maíz en Centroamérica y el Caribe: 1966-97.

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Miguel A. López-Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Maize Seed ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Breeding Research ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
The Relationship

Results of a CIMMYT study to determine the impacts of maize breeding research in Latin America in 1966-97 are presented, specifically in this case for Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama) and the Caribbean (Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic). This study is part of a worldwide effort by CIMMYT to update a similar study done in 1992. Results are presented here on the number and characteristics of all the maize varieties and hybrids released by public research programs since 1966; investment in maize research by public and private organizations; the volume of maize seed sold in recent years, maize seed prices; maize area planted to improved seed and the estimated value of the surplus maize production due to the use of improved seed; and legal and regulatory aspects of maize seed industries in the region. The relationship between the national maize research programs and CIMMYT is also addressed especially how these organizations have worked together over the years to advance the knowledge and the development of new improved maize technologies.

scholarly journals Profitability of Improved Seed Adoption on Small Holders Maize Farmers in Abuja Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Ndem Chijioke ◽  
Uteh Akaninyene
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Formal Education ◽  
T Test ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Stochastic Production Frontier ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Gross Margin ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Varieties ◽  
Margin Analysis

The study analysed the profitability of improved seed adoption on the profitability and technical efficiency of smallholder maize farmers in Abuja, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socioeconomic characteristics, gross margin analysis was used to determine the costs and returns of maize production. The t-test was used to compare the yield of improved maize seed adopters and non-adopters. The logit regression was used to analyse the determinants of adoption. The stochastic production frontier model was used to determine the technical efficiency of IMV. The results revealed that the average age of respondents (adopters and non-adopters) was 48 years and 39 years, respectively. Furthermore, 56% and 66% were male, 75% and 93% were married with average household size of 6 and 7 persons, respectively, and majority had formal education. Adopters had a mean farm size of 1.95 ha, while non-adopters had a mean farm size of 1.76 ha. The gross margin analysis result showed the profitability index for IMV and local seed were 0.66 and 0.41, respectively. The t-test result showed that IMV had higher yield per hectare (2,713.66kg/ha) compared to local maize variety (1,281.33kg/ha). The result of maximum likelihood estimate showed that the mean technical efficiency was 0.56 and 0.49 for adopters and non-adopters, respectively. The study revealed that adopters of improved maize seed varieties earned higher profits and were more technically efficient than non-adopters. It recommended the strengthening of extension services to enhance adoption through awareness by government. Farmers should form cooperatives to enable resourceful negotiation for inputs. Also, an improvement in the research and development of high quality improved maize varieties should be encouraged.

Role of maize research in Martonvásár on trends in Hungarian maize yields from 1950 to 2000

2010 ◽  
Vol 58 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
L. Marton
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Role ◽  
Great Emphasis ◽  
Maize Seed ◽  
Maize Breeding ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Maize Yields ◽  
Hybrid Maize ◽  
Processing Techniques ◽  
Scientific Life

The development of the maize hybrid Martonvásári 5 gave an enormous boost to the research institute a few years after its establishment. For decades afterwards the Martonvásár maize breeding team played a successful and dominant role both in Hungarian scientific life and in the field of practical results. In addition to breeding, great emphasis was placed on agronomic research, aimed at improving the success of maize production. Martonvásár was the first to introduce hybrid maize in Hungary and to elaborate field technologies and processing techniques for hybrid maize seed production.These successes came at a time when the need was felt to modernise the whole of Hungarian agriculture, so within a few years, the whole of the maize-growing area of the country was sown to Martonvásár hybrids.Fifty years after the registration of the hybrid Martonvásári 5, even though faced by strong international competition, Martonvásár still ranks first among Hungarian breeders, and occupies the 3 rd –4 th place compared with the multinational companies.

scholarly journals From sexualized torture and gender-based torture to genderized torture: The urgent need for a conceptual evolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Pau Pérez-Sales ◽  
Maggie Zraly
Keyword(s):  
Delphi Study ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Gender Analysis ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Genital Mutilation ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Analytical Approaches

Classical perspectives on sexualized torture are being increasingly challenged by contemporary debates informed by emerging claims (Mendez, 2016; Sáez, 2016; Sifris, 2014). Gender-based analysis based on feminist and other theoretical approaches is needed to adequately address these. Arriving at a general framework for the reconceptualization of torture, and progressively widening the analytical scope of gender and torture, are priorities. Gender analyses of torture needs to encompass a broader range of phenomena, from rape and attacks on sexual integrity to any suffering inflicted on human beings that is intricately intertwined with gender (Jakobsen, 2014), including and not limited to discrimination against LGTBI persons,1 genital mutilation, and the restriction of any of the broad range of issues under the frame of reproductive freedom, such as abortion and involuntary sterilization.2 The push for a gender transformative rethinking of conceptual and analytical approaches to torture is accompanied by the need to develop specific tools to detect and assess sexual and gender-based torture (including the necessity for a reconsideration of gender perspectives on the Istanbul Protocol), to incorporate a feminist perspective in the rehabilitation of victims. This requires specific treatment approaches as well as holistic survivor-centered rehabilitation models that include access to high quality and comprehensive services. Services that support stigma reduction are particularly important. Our own desk review on all papers published in Torture Journal since 2006 until 2018 showed a clear gender analysis gap: only 32% of papers included the word ‘gender’ and 38% the word ‘female’ in any part of the text. In 84% of the cases, these mentions simply indexed the presentation of data disaggregated by sex. Only 4% of all the papers published in the Journal attempted a gender analysis. To help address this gap, the Journal circulated a call for papers on gender and torture that aligned with research priorities identified in our Delphi study (Pérez-Sales, Witcombe, & Otero, 2017). The response to this call has been encouraging. This issue features a collection of texts that highlight important aspects of sexualized and gender-based torture and provide reflections that contribute to framing the theoretical debate on the nature and scope of gender-based and genderized forms of torture. The Journal believes that even more research and reflection is necessary to adequately clarify and raise the terms of this debate and additional texts relevant to the topic are planned to appear in forthcoming issues. This current issue draws out key concepts that are important to making an impact, both on the debate and in practice.

scholarly journals Avoiding Gender Exploitation and Ethics Dumping in Research with Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-479
Author(s):  
JULIE COOK
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Women’S Health ◽  
Women's Health ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Institutional Review Boards ◽  
Sex And Gender ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThere is a long history of women being underrepresented in biomedical and health research. Specific women’s health needs have been, and in some cases still are, comparatively neglected areas of study. Concerns about the health and social impacts of such bias and exclusion have resulted in inclusion policies from governments, research funders, and the scientific establishment since the 1990s. Contemporary understandings of foregrounding sex and gender issues within biomedical research range from women’s rights to inclusion, to links between human rights, women’s health and sustainable development, and the increasing scientific and funding expectation for studies to consider the sex (biological) and gender (cultural) implications of research design, results and impact. However, there are also exploitation issues to consider when foregrounding the inclusion of women as research participants, especially for research ethics committees and institutional review boards. A hidden risk is that exploitative research designs and practices may be missed, particularly by reviewers who may not have a nuanced understanding of gender-based harm. Utilizing contemporary case studies of ethics dumping, this paper highlights some of the concerns, and makes recommendations for IRBs/research ethics reviewers to help ensure that essential research is undertaken to the highest ethical standards.

Photos from the Quarter

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Keyword(s):  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Israeli Occupation

This sample of photos from 16 August–15 November 2019 aims to convey a sense of Palestinian life during this quarter. The images capture Palestinians across the diaspora as they fight to exercise their rights: to run for office, to vote, and to protest both Israeli occupation and gender-based violence.

THE SINS OF THE FATHER: GENDER- BASED VIOLENCE IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Snodgrass
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Black Women ◽  
South African ◽  
African Women ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
South African Women

This article explores the complexities of gender-based violence in post-apartheid South Africa and interrogates the socio-political issues at the intersection of class, ‘race’ and gender, which impact South African women. Gender equality is up against a powerful enemy in societies with strong patriarchal traditions such as South Africa, where women of all ‘races’ and cultures have been oppressed, exploited and kept in positions of subservience for generations. In South Africa, where sexism and racism intersect, black women as a group have suffered the major brunt of this discrimination and are at the receiving end of extreme violence. South Africa’s gender-based violence is fuelled historically by the ideologies of apartheid (racism) and patriarchy (sexism), which are symbiotically premised on systemic humiliation that devalues and debases whole groups of people and renders them inferior. It is further argued that the current neo-patriarchal backlash in South Africa foments and sustains the subjugation of women and casts them as both victims and perpetuators of pervasive patriarchal values.

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