Buffaloes and Draught Power

1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charan Chantalakhana ◽  
Pakapun Bunyavejchewin
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Sustainable Agriculture ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Crop Failure ◽  
Small Farmer ◽  
Animal Power ◽  
Draught Animals

Draught animals still do much of the work on farms in developing countries, as well as being used for transportation. Despite the efforts made by governments to promote mechanization, tractors are not a realistic alternative for the average small farmer. Animals such as the buffalo have been used for centuries without causing any air or water pollution or soil compaction; they are an integral part of a sustainable agriculture, producing milk, meat and manure without any external cash inputs, and they buffer the farmer against crop failure and provide companionship. Draught animal power on small farms is not a backward way of farming but it needs support from research and development agencies if it is to develop its full potential.

The Winged Bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus: Past, Present, and Future

1989 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 160-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Valíček
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Winged Bean ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Psophocarpus Tetragonolobus ◽  
Entire Plant ◽  
Large Scale Cultivation

Beans have long been an important source of human and animal nutrition, especially as a source of protein. Recently much attention has been diverted to the possible large-scale cultivation of the winged bean, especially in developing countries. It has many alternative properties, not least of which is that almost the entire plant can be utilized. This article reviews the present status of the crop and the research and development needed for it to achieve its full potential.

Low-Cost Technology for Water Pollution Control in Developing Countries

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (9-11) ◽  
pp. 1337-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
G G Cillié
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Pollution Control ◽  
Local Labour ◽  
International Water ◽  
Design And Methods ◽  
Local Materials

An estimated 80 % of all illnesses in developing countries is in one way or another related to water. In order to alleviate this most serious condition, the united Nations has initiated the “International Water Decade”, for which the estimated costs are $600 000 million, a sum which is far beyond any available means. By application of “low-cost technology” this sum could be reduced to $100 000 million which brings the objective within the reach of possibility. Details are given of the design and methods of construction of units which are best suited to the specific requirements and which would be simple, reliable and economical to operate. These can be constructed largely from local materials and by local labour. The need for appropriate training of both operators and the user population is stressed.

Distributional Weights in Benefit-Cost Analysis: Examples from Rwanda and Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles B. Moss ◽  
Andrew Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Systematic Variation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Small Producer ◽  
Agricultural Research And Development ◽  
Benefit Cost

Abstract The question of how to allocate scarce agricultural research and development dollars is significant for developing countries. Historically, benefit/cost analysis has been the standard for comparing the relative benefits of alternative investments. We examine the potential of shifting the implicit equal weights approach to benefit/cost analysis, as well as how a systematic variation in welfare weights may affect different groups important to policy makers. For example, in the case of Rwandan coffee, a shift in the welfare weights that would favor small coffee producers in Rwanda over foreign consumers of Rwandan coffee would increase the support for investments in small producer coffee projects. Generally, changes in welfare weights alter the ordering for selecting investments across alternative projects.

Solar Powered Water Pumps: The Past, the Present—and the Future?

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. D. Short ◽  
R. Oldach
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
Clean Water ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Water Pumping ◽  
Technical Issues ◽  
Solar Powered ◽  
Water Pumps

Solar (photovoltaic) powered water pumps could be a real instrument for the alleviation of water related deaths and illnesses in developing countries through the provision of clean water. However, despite the benefits that access to sustainable potable water supplies can bring, solar powered water pumps have a long way to go before they even begin to meet the needs of those who could use them. This paper addresses some of the complex, inter-related social and technical issues that have prevented solar powered water pumping from reaching its full potential and shows how future efforts should be directed in order to respond to these issues.

Technical progress and pollution abatement: an economic view of selected technologies and practices

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technical Progress ◽  
Pollution Control ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Pollution Abatement ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Economic View ◽  
Per Capita

The paper first presents evidence from the engineering literature on air and water pollution control, which shows that, when the pollution abatement technologies are in place, large reductions in pollution have been achieved at costs that are small relative to the costs of production. A simulation model is then developed to study the effects of technical progress on pollution abatement, and applied to particular cases in developing countries. The results are compared with the projections of an environmental Kuznets curve: they reproduce the latter if policies were not to be introduced until per capita incomes reached levels comparable to those of the industrial countries when they first introduced their policies; but show dramatically lower and earlier peaks if policies were to be introduced earlier. The conclusion is shown to apply more generally, and it is argued that developing countries can aspire to addressing their environmental problems at a much earlier phase of development than the industrial countries before them.

North–South trade in intellectual property: can it be fair?

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-328
Author(s):  
CYNTHIA CANNADY
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Intellectual Property ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Support Services ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Active Play ◽  
Spectator Sport

For many developing countries trading in intellectual property has been a spectator sport. Active play in the high stakes game of ‘trading in knowledge’ has been for a few wealthy countries whose institutions and citizens own intellectual property (IP). These IP-owner countries have the equipment needed to play – the funding systems, patent lawyers, marketing support services, and thriving government subsidized research labs and universities – enabling them to turn their research and development into IP, intangible but highly valuable financial assets. In the game of ‘trading in knowledge’, capturing strategic IP portfolios is the goal, and lucrative licensing contracts are the touchdown.

Environmental and Health Implications of Plastic Pollution

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-58
Author(s):  
Toqeer Ahmed ◽  
Hassaan Fayyaz Khan Sipra
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Solid Waste Management ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Plastic Pollution ◽  
Human Health Impacts

Plastic pollution is one of the prime and alarming issues in developing countries that has vast environmental and human health impacts which need to be addressed as a priority. Unfortunately, limited work has been done on the topic, especially on air and water pollution due to plastics in Pakistan. Informal solid waste management is being done by municipalities, which is not adequate, and the problem will increase with the upsurge in population and industrialization. There is a need to address the knowledge gap and improvements in the existing conditions to manage the issue of plastic pollution separately. In this chapter, causes; impacts of plastic pollution both on human and environmental health, plastic industries, and legislative context; and best practices to manage plastic pollution along with some important recommendations are discussed. It is expected the data presented may help the managers, environmental scientists, and policymakers to manage the problem of plastic pollution.

Adoption and Implementation Obstacles of E-Banking Services

2011 ◽  
pp. 283-302
Author(s):  
Abdulwahed Mohammed Khalfan ◽  
Abdullah Akbar
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Electronic Commerce ◽  
Top Management ◽  
Power Relationships ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
It Adoption ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Inhibiting Factors ◽  
Context Specific

All forms of business organizations are being drawn into e-commerce and e-business. Electronic commerce is a powerful new way of conducting business and one that has presented many opportunities for enterprises and consumers. Yet, despite its many advantages there is evidence that it has not been adopted in full and has not reached its full potential. The global nature of e-Business provides developing countries with a unique opportunity in market places that were beyond their reach. It has the potential to reduce physical trade obstacles, increase market access and trade efficiency that can provide a competitive stimulus for local entrepreneurs and organizations in developingcountries. Interests in e-commerce and electronic markets have been largely been focused on North America and Europe, and yet there are many interesting developments happening in some of the developing countries which have received little attention. This study aims to address these issues. This research chapter explored the potential impeding factors that could inhibit the wide adoption and use of electronic commerce applications in the Omani banking industry. Data were collected using a survey questionnaire complemented with using semi-structured interviews, and review of internal banking documents. The participants in the study were IS executives and managers. The results provide a pragmatic picture on the adoption and use of e-commerce applications in this country’s core sector. One of the major inhibiting factors in this study is the lack of top management support. Top management perspectives and attitudes toward e-commerce adoption and use play an important role in developing internal IS/IT competencies and success. Information privacy and security issues were identified as serious inhibiting factors on the successful adoption and use of electronic banking applications in the financial sector. Other factors such as power relationships (e.g., conflict between managers that arise during the process of IS/IT adoption), and lack of investment in e-commerce applications were found less significant as inhibiting factors. Although this is a context specific research, the findings should be relevant to other businesses in Arab countries in particular and developing countries in general when contemplating their e-commerce strategies.

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