scholarly journals Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation-based titration reduces propofol consumption and incidence of hypotension during general anesthesia induction: A randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 003685042110523
Author(s):  
Lihong Chen ◽  
Kun Lu ◽  
Tongfeng Luo ◽  
Huiming Liang ◽  
Yuqin Gui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Mean Blood Pressure ◽  
Conventional Group ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Post Intubation

Administration of a single propofol bolus dose for anesthesia induction causes hypotension. We included 160 patients (74 males and 86 females; mean age, 42.4 ± 10.7 [range: 18–60] years) with the American Society of Anesthesiologists status I–II undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia. Using simple randomization, the patients were divided into a conventional group ( n = 80; received 2 mg/kg propofol at a rate of 250 mg/min) and titrated group ( n = 80; received propofol at a rate of 1 mg/kg/min until the Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale score reached 1 point). Fentanyl (4 µg/kg) and cisatracurium (0.2 mg/kg) were administered, as appropriate. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, and heart rate were recorded at different time points. Propofol consumption, hypotension, and other adverse events were recorded. All the patients were intubated without awareness. Compared with the conventional group, the titrated group showed more stable blood pressure ( p < 0.05), as well as a lower decrease in systolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure at 1 and 3 min, and diastolic blood pressure at 1 min after propofol administration ( p < 0.01). Moreover, compared with the conventional group, the titrated group showed a lower post-intubation hypotension incidence (9 vs. 19 cases; p = 0.04), as well as lower total propofol dosage and propofol dose per kilogram of body weight (93.57 ± 14.40 mg vs. 116.80 ± 22.37 mg and 1.73 ± 0.27 mg/kg vs. 2.02 ± 0.08 mg/kg, respectively, p < 0.01). Compared with conventional propofol usage, titrated propofol administration can reduce the incidence of hypotension and propofol consumption during anesthesia induction.

Effects of Yogic practices on cardiovascular system and salivary alpha amylase on Indian healthy jail inmates

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khushbu Jain ◽  
Rameswar Pal ◽  
Sachendra Badoni ◽  
Jitender Kaushik ◽  
Pooja Kumari Gond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Mean Blood Pressure ◽  
Alpha Amylase ◽  
Female Group ◽  
Jail Inmates ◽  
Double Product ◽  
Salivary Alpha Amylase ◽  
Yogic Practice

Abstract Objectives Imprisoned people usually have a poor health status and an increase risk to suffer chronic debilitating conditions, co-infection due to their limitations in physical activity and mental disturbances. This study was carried to find out the health impacts of Yogic practice of Indian healthy jail inmates. Methods It was interventional single group pre-post design study. A total no of 30, Jail inmates including 08 female were participated in this study and practiced Yoga for six months. Body Mass Index, Heart Rate, Blood Pressure, Salivary alpha amylase activity (SAA) a stress marker were assessed before, after three months and after completion of six months of Yogic practice. Results Improvement was noted in all parameters, but significant improvement was noted in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, double product a index of load in the heart and SAA following Yogic practice in total participants. Significant improvement was also noted in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, double product a index of load in the heart and SAA following Yogic practice in male group. No significant effect was noted in female group. Conclusions The present study revealed that regular Yogic practice resulted in reduction blood pressure, load in the heart and stress in mail jail inmates, when it is practiced regularly and carefully.

scholarly journals A randomized comparative study of preloading with Ringers lactate and intravenous Ephedrine for the prevention of hypotension due to propofol during induction of general anesthesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manisha Pradhan ◽  
Brahma Dev Jha
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Physical Status ◽  
Volume Loading

Background: The ideal method to prevent hypotension due to intravenous propofol for induction of anesthesia is still debatable. The aim of the study was to compare the hemodynamic response of ephedrine and volume loading with ringer lactate in preventing the hypotension caused by propofol as inducing agent in patients scheduled for elective surgeries requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation.Methods: This was prospective randomized study conducted in 40 patients of ASA physical status I, aged 20-50 years, scheduled for elective surgeries requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. Group I received intravenous ephedrine sulphate (70 mcg/kg) just before induction of anaesthesia, and patients assigned to Group II received preloading with Ringer's lactate (12 ml/kg) over the 10-15 minutes before the administration of propofol. The variables compared were heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure following induction of anesthesia till 10 minutes after intubation of trachea.Results: We found that there were increase in systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure after induction in both the groups but the difference between the groups was not significant. The increase in heart rate was found to be significantly higher in ephedrine group in comparison to volume loading group.Conclusion: Our study showed that both the methods used were equally effective in preventing hypotension induced by propofol in the adult ASA physical status I patients requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. However, the heart rate was significantly higher in patients receiving ephedrine in comparison to volume loading group.

scholarly journals A small dose of remifentanil pretreatment suppresses sufentanil-induced cough during general anesthesia induction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendong Lin ◽  
Jiehao Sun ◽  
Shuying Fu
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Small Dose ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Size Groups

Abstract Background: Intravenous use of sufentanil can elicit cough. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of pre-injection of a mall dose of remifentanil on sufentanil-induced cough during the induction of general anesthesia. Methods: This prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted from January 10, 2019 to March 01, 2019. A total of 100 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled, and at last 84 patients were included and randomly allocated into two equal size groups (n=42): Patients in the Remifentanil group (R group) received an intravenous infusion of remifentanil 0.3 µg/kg (diluted to 2 ml) 1 minute before sufentanil injection; patients in the Control group (C group) received 2 ml of normal saline (NS) at the same time point. Injections of patients in both groups were completed within 5 seconds. Then, sufentanil 0.5 µg/kg was injected within 5 seconds and the number of coughs that occurred within 1 minute after sufentanil injection were recorded. One minute after sufentanil injection, etomidate 0.3 mg/kg and cisatracurium 0.15 mg/kg were given for general anesthesia induction irrespective of the presence or absence of cough. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at time points just before remifentanil pretreatment administration (T0), 3 minutes after administration (T1), 1 minute after intubation (T2), and 3 minutes after intubation (T3) were recorded. Results: The incidence of cough in patients in the R group and C group was 4.8% and 31%, respectively. Compared with group C, the incidence and severity of cough in group R was significantly lower (P <0.01). No significant differences were observed in MAP and HR at the time of general anesthesia induction between the two groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Pretreatment with a small dose of remifentanil effectively and safely reduced the incidence and severity of cough induced by sufentanil during anesthesia induction and can be used as an alternative treatment to inhibit coughing caused by sufentanil.

scholarly journals Dexmedetomidine vs Fentanyl in Attenuating the Sympathetic Surge During Endotracheal Intubation: A Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Schwieger ◽  
Kaelee Shrewsbury ◽  
Paul Shaver
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Mean Arterial Pressure ◽  
Arterial Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Hemodynamic Stability

Purpose/Background Direct laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation after induction of anesthesia can cause a reflex sympathetic surge of catecholamines caused by airway stimulation. This may cause hypertension, tachycardia, and arrhythmias. This reflex can be detrimental in patients with poor cardiac reserve and can be poorly tolerated and lead to adverse events such as myocardial ischemia. Fentanyl, a potent opioid, with a rapid onset and short duration of action is given during induction to block the sympathetic response. With a rise in the opioid crisis and finding ways to change the practice in medicine to use less opioids, dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2 adrenergic agonist, can decrease the release of norepinephrine, has analgesic properties, and can lower the heart rate. Methods In this scoping review, studies published between 2009 and 2021 that compared fentanyl and dexmedetomidine during general anesthesia induction and endotracheal intubation of surgical patients over the age of 18 were included. Full text, peer-reviewed studies in English were included with no limit on country of study. The outcomes included post-operative reviews of decrease in pain medication usage and hemodynamic stability. Studies that were included focused on hemodynamic variables such as systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and use of opioids post-surgery. Result Of 2,114 results from our search, 10 articles were selected based on multiple eligibility criteria of age greater than 18, patients undergoing endotracheal intubation after induction of general anesthesia, and required either a dose of dexmedetomidine or fentanyl to be given prior to intubation. Dexmedetomidine was shown to effectively attenuate the sympathetic surge during intubation over fentanyl. Dexmedetomidine showed a greater reduction in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure than fentanyl, causing better hemodynamic stability in patients undergoing elective surgery.Implications for Nursing Practice Findings during this scoping review indicate that dexmedetomidine is a safe and effective alternative to fentanyl during induction of general anesthesia and endotracheal intubation in attenuating the hemodynamic response. It is also a safe choice for opioid-free anesthesia.

scholarly journals Ketorolac tromethamine pretreatment suppresses sufentanil-induced cough during general anesthesia induction: a prospective randomized controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhen Tian ◽  
Bei Hu ◽  
Min Miao ◽  
Lulu Zhang ◽  
Lin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Observation Group ◽  
Ketorolac Tromethamine ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Background: To observe the effect about pretreatment of ketorolac tromethamine on sufentanil-induced cough in general anesthesia patients. Methods: 102 patients were screened, and a total of 90 patients were scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia. 90 patients were randomly divided into two groups: the control group（C group）and the observation group（KT group）. 5 minutes before anesthesia induction, observation group were given ketorolac tromethamine 0.5mg/kg intravenously within 3 s, while the control group were given the same amount of normal saline intravenously. All patients were given a sufentanil bolus of 0.5 ug/kg（within 3 s）intravenously,1 minute later, propofol 2.5mg/kg, vecuronium 0.15mg/kg were injected intravenously, and endotracheal intubation was guided by laryngoscope. The number of coughs that occurred within 1 min after sufentanil injection were recorded. The mean arterial pressure (MAP)，heart rate (HR) and pulse oxygen saturation(SpO2) were recorded at T0 (immediately before pretreatment), T1 (5 minutes after pretreatment), T2（before intubation），T3 (1 min after intubation) and T4 (5 min after intubation).The incidence of adverse reactions were analyzed. Results: Within 1 min after sufentanil injection, the incidence and severity of cough in KT group was significantly lower than that in C group ( P < 0.05). At the time points of T0, T1, T2, T3 and T4, there was no significant difference in MAP, HR and SpO2 between the two groups ( P > 0.05). And there was no significant difference in the dosage of sufentanil, propofol, remifentanil and vecuronium, incidence of nausea and vomiting, delay of recovery, dizziness, drowsiness and respiratory depression between the two groups( P > 0.05). However, there were significant differences in the number of restlessness during waking period ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: Pretreatment of intravenous ketorolac tromethamine can significantly reduce the incidence of sufentanil-induced cough during induction period of general anesthesia patients, and can also significantly reduce the restlessness during recovery period of patients. Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (registration number# ChiCTR2000030287; date of registration: 27/02/2020).

scholarly journals A small dose of remifentanil pretreatment suppresses sufentanil-induced cough during general anesthesia induction: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendong Lin ◽  
Jiehao Sun ◽  
Shuying Fu
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Small Dose ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Size Groups

Abstract Background: Intravenous use of sufentanil can elicit cough. This study aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effect of pre-injection of a mall dose of remifentanil on sufentanil-induced cough during the induction of general anesthesia. Methods: This prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted from January 10, 2019 to March 01, 2019. A total of 100 patients undergoing elective surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled, and at last 84 patients were included and randomly allocated into two equal size groups (n=42): Patients in the Remifentanil group (R group) received an intravenous infusion of remifentanil 0.3 µg/kg (diluted to 2 ml) 1 minute before sufentanil injection; patients in the Control group (C group) received 2 ml of normal saline (NS) at the same time point. Injections of patients in both groups were completed within 5 seconds. Then, sufentanil 0.5 µg/kg was injected within 5 seconds and the number of coughs that occurred within 1 minute after sufentanil injection were recorded. One minute after sufentanil injection, etomidate 0.3 mg/kg and cisatracurium 0.15 mg/kg were given for general anesthesia induction irrespective of the presence or absence of cough. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) at time points just before remifentanil pretreatment administration (T0), 3 minutes after administration (T1), 1 minute after intubation (T2), and 3 minutes after intubation (T3) were recorded. Results: The incidence of cough in patients in the R group and C group was 4.8% and 31%, respectively. Compared with group C, the incidence and severity of cough in group R was significantly lower (P <0.01). No significant differences were observed in MAP and HR at the time of general anesthesia induction between the two groups (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Pretreatment with a small dose of remifentanil effectively and safely reduced the incidence and severity of cough induced by sufentanil during anesthesia induction and can be used as an alternative treatment to inhibit coughing caused by sufentanil.

scholarly journals Adverse Cardiovascular Effects of Phenylephrine Eye Drops Combined With Intravenous Atropine

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingyu Li ◽  
Jianxin Pang ◽  
Yang Deng ◽  
Shaochong Zhang ◽  
Yong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Cardiovascular Effects ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Intraocular Surgery ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
Intravenous Atropine

Background: Phenylephrine and atropine can cause serious adverse effects when applied in combination. We investigated the effect of phenylephrine eye drops combined with intravenous atropine on the cardiovascular system in patients under general anesthesia undergoing intraocular surgery.Methods: The effects of the drugs were observed through clinical study. Thirteen patients undergoing intraocular surgery under general anesthesia were observed in this study; all were injected intravenously with atropine due to the oculocardiac reflex during surgery. To study the combination of drugs, an in vivo study was performed on rats. Seventy-two standard deviation rats that received phenylephrine eye drops and intravenous atropine treatment under general anesthesia were assessed, of which 18 treated with these drugs simultaneously were administered normal saline, neostigmine or esmolol. Blood pressure and heart rate were recorded and analyzed.Findings: The age of the patients ranged from seven to 14 years old with an average age of 10.7 years old, and 11 patients were male. In patients, 5% phenylephrine eye drops combined with intravenous atropine led to a significant heart rate increase and the increase lasted 20 min. The significant increase in diastolic blood pressure and systolic blood pressure lasted for 15 and 25 min, respectively. From five to 25 min after intravenous atropine treatment, the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were both more than 20% higher than that at baseline. In rats, the changes in blood pressure and heart rate were independent of the phenylephrine and atropine administration sequence but were related to the administration time interval. The neostigmine group showed a significant decrease in blood pressure after the increase from the administration of phenylephrine and atropine.Interpretation: Phenylephrine eye drops combined with intravenous atropine have obvious cardiovascular effects that can be reversed by neostigmine. This drug combination should be used carefully for ophthalmic surgery, especially in patients with cardio-cerebrovascular diseases.

scholarly journals Comparison of a small dose of oxycodone and sufentanil for the prevention of sufentanil-induced cough during general anesthesia induction: a prospective randomized controlled trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lingli Shi ◽  
Yong He ◽  
Huanhuan Ni
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Small Dose ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Clinical Trial Registry ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Hemodynamic State

Abstract Background: Sufentanil is widely used during anesthesia induction. However, sufentanil injections can cause cough through different mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a small dose of oxycodone and sufentanil in suppressing sufentanil-induced cough (SIC) during general anesthesia induction.Methods: This prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted form February 12, 2019 to December 30, 2019. A total of 174 patients were scheduled for elective surgery, and 144 screened patients were randomly divided into 3 groups (n=48). Five minutes before sufentanil bolus (0.4 μg/kg), patients in group O received 0.02 mg/kg oxycodone intravenously within 5 s, those in group S received 0.02 μg/kg sufentanil within 5 s and those in group N received an equal volume of 0.9% normal saline within 5 s. Sufentanil was diluted to 5 μg/ml and administered within 5 s after pretreatment. The incidence and severity of cough in the three groups were evaluated within 1 minute after sufentanil injection during anesthesia induction. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were recorded at T0 (after entering the operation), T1 (3 minutes after pretreatment), T2 (before intubation), and T3 (1 minute after intubation).Results: The incidences of cough in group N, group O, and group S were 20 (41.6%), 7 (14.5%), and 6 (12.5%), respectively. Compared with group N, group O and group S exhibited significantly reduced incidence and severity of cough, and the severity of cough in group O and group S was dramatically reduced compared with that in group N (P<0.05). No significant differences in the rangeability of MAP and HR were noted at the four time points in the three groups (P> 0.05).Conclusion: Intravenous oxycodone (0.02 mg/kg) and sufentanil (0.02 μg/kg) represent effective approaches to reducing SIC in anesthesia induction and ensuring a relatively stable hemodynamic state during general anesthesia induction.Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1900021087, registered date: January 28, 2019), http://www.chictr.org.cn

scholarly journals Lidocaine alone or combined with Magnesium Sulfate stabilizes hemodynamic parameters during General Anesthesia without prolonging the Neuromuscular Blockade: a randomized, double-blind, controlled trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Waynice N. Paula-Garcia ◽  
Gustavo H Oliveira-Paula ◽  
Hans D de Boer ◽  
Luís Vicente Garcia
Keyword(s):  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Magnesium Sulfate ◽  
Neuromuscular Blockade ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Hemodynamic Parameters ◽  
Lidocaine Group

Abstract BackgroundLidocaine and magnesium sulfate have become increasingly utilisedin general anaesthesia. The present study evaluated the effects of these drugs, isolated or combined on the hemodynamic parameters as well as on the cisatracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade (NMB).MethodsAt a University hospital, 64 patients, ASA physical status I and II, undergoing elective surgery with similar pain stimulus, were randomly assigned to four groups. Patients received a bolus of lidocaine and magnesium sulfate before the tracheal intubation and a continuous infusion during the operation respectively: 3 mg.kg-1 and 3 mg.kg-1.h-1 (Lidocaine -L group), 40 mg.kg-1 and 20 mg.kg-1.h-1 (Magnesium - M group), equal doses of both drugs (Magnesium plus lidocaine - MLgroup) and, a equivalent volume of isotonic solution (Control - C group). Haemodynamic parameters and neuromuscular blockade features were continuously monitored until spontaneous recovery of the Traino of Four ratio (TOF=0.9).ResultsThe Lidocaine group presented a highly significant small hemodynamic fluctuation during the anesthesia induction and maintenance period (p<0.0001) with no change at NMB. The magnesium sulfate infusion alone or combined with lidocaine prolonged all the recovery characteristics (p< 0.0001). The onset time was not influenced by the studied drugs. The percentage of patients who achieved a TOF ratio of 90% without recovering the first Twich (T1-95%) was higher in the M and ML groups.ConclusionIntravenous lidocaine plays a significant role in the hemodynamic stability in patients under general anesthesia without exerting any additional impact on the NMB even combined with magnesium sulfate. Aside from prolonging all NMB recovery characteristics without altering the onset speed, magnesium sulfate enhances the TOF recovery rate without T1 recovery. Our findings may aid clinical decisions involving the use of these drugs by encouraging their association in multimodal anesthesia or other therapeutic purposes.Trial registrationNCT02483611 (registration date: 06-29- 2015).

scholarly journals Optimal dose of pretreated-dexmedetomidine in fentanyl-induced cough suppression: a prospective randomized controlled trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Dongsheng Zhang ◽  
Shunping Tian ◽  
Yang Yang ◽  
Zhi Xing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Respiratory Depression ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Onset Time ◽  
Optimal Dose ◽  
Anesthesia Induction ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Background: To investigate the optimal dose of pretreated-dexmedetomidine in fentanyl-induced cough suppression. Methods: Patients of 180 undergoing elective surgery with general anesthesia, aged 18-65 years, BMI 18.5-30 kg/m2, ASA I or II, were equally randomized into four groups (n = 45) to receive intravenous pretreatment of dexmedetomidine with 0 (group 1), 0.3 (group 2), 0.6 (group 3) and 0.9 (group 4) mcg/kg over 10 mins, respectively. After the pretreatment, all patients were given a 5-s intravenous injection of fentanyl 4 mcg/kg. The symptoms of irritating cough including the severity and onset time were recorded for 1 min after fentanyl injection. General anesthesia induction was completed with midazolam, propofol and cisatracurium, then endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask was inserted and connected to an anesthesia machine. MAP, HR and SpO2 at the beginning of pretreatment (T0), 3 min (T1), 6 min (T2), 9 min (T3) and 12 min (T4) after the beginning of pretreatment were recorded. Side effects of dexmedetomidine, such as bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, and respiratory depression were also recorded during the course. Results: Totally 168 patients completed the study. The incidences of cough were 52.4%, 42.9%, 11.9%, and 14.3% in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, with no significant differences between groups 1 and 2 (P > 0.05) and between groups 3 and 4 (P > 0.05). The incidence and severity of cough in groups 3 and 4 were significantly lower than those in groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.05). Compared to T0, HR at T2 (P < 0.05), T3 (P < 0.01), and T4 (P < 0.01) decreased significantly and MAP at T4 decreased significantly (P < 0.05) in group 4. Bradycardia occurred in 1 case and respiratory depression occurred in 1 case in group 4. Compared to group 1, the onset time of cough in the other 3 groups were delayed significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Pretreated dexmedetomidine 0.6 mcg/kg blous intravenous infusion over 10 mins could reduce FIC effectively without side effects.

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