Discussion of Shared Information Can Increase the Influence of Divergent Members

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn M. Van Swol ◽  
Michael T. Braun ◽  
Emily E. Acosta Lewis ◽  
Cassandra L. Carlson ◽  
Giovanna Dimperio
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Small Groups ◽  
Confidence Level ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Linear Discrepancy ◽  
Discrepancy Model ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Pledge Of Allegiance

Based on the theoretical frameworks of information-sharing in groups and the linear discrepancy model, this study highlights the importance of communicating shared information for a divergent member to influence a group. Participants received information concerning whether “under God” should be in the Pledge of Allegiance. After stating individual opinions, they discussed the issue in small groups and came to a group decision on a continuous, ordered scale. Low divergent members, who had opinions closer to the average of other group members, had more influence than high divergent members. Group members with high divergence were more confident and talked more than others. However, there was no relationship between the amount divergent members talked or their confidence level and their amount of influence. Highly divergent group members who mentioned more shared information were more influential and came across as more knowledgeable.

scholarly journals Low proficiency students: can we help them to speak confidently?

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Muriatul Khusmah Musa ◽  
Rushita Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Small Groups ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Role Play ◽  
Speaking Anxiety ◽  
Self Confidence ◽  
English Class ◽  
Equal Chance ◽  
Group Members ◽  
English Speaking

This action research was carried out to find out whether the speaking activities that were done during English lessons could encourage the low proficiency students to speak English confidently. These students admitted that they were afraid of speaking English, particularly in front of their classmates. They had very low self- confidence and felt very anxious when they were asked to speak or present in English. For this research, five speaking tasks were incorporated in the English class with the aim of building up students’ confidence and at the same time encouraging them to speak and participate in the English speaking activities. The five tasks were: self- introduction, fairy tale role-play, open mic, product advertisement campaign and group decision making. These activities were carried out individually as well as in small groups. In short, all the students were given an equal chance to speak English and actively participate as individuals and as group members. Students’ positive responses signify the speaking tasks have helped to reduce their speaking anxiety, build up their confidence in speaking English and improve their speaking skills.

scholarly journals Grading Hampers Cooperative Information Sharing in Group Problem Solving

2015 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Sophie Hayek ◽  
Claudia Toma ◽  
Dominique Oberlé ◽  
Fabrizio Butera
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Information Sharing ◽  
Group Work ◽  
Cooperative Work ◽  
Individual Contribution ◽  
Group Problem ◽  
Cooperative Problem Solving ◽  
Group Problem Solving ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Group Members

We hypothesized that individual grading in group work, a widespread practice, hampers information sharing in cooperative problem solving. Experiment 1 showed that a condition in which members’ individual contribution was expected to be visible and graded, as in most graded work, led to less pooling of relevant, unshared information and more pooling of less-relevant, shared information than two control conditions where individual contribution was not graded, but either visible or not. Experiment 2 conceptually replicated this effect: Group members primed with grades pooled less of their unshared information, but more of their shared information, compared to group members primed with neutral concepts. Thus, grading can hinder cooperative work and impair information sharing in groups.

A Formal Approach to Handling Conflicts in Multiattribute Group Decision Making

2005 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 678-688 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tung-King See ◽  
Kemper Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Engineering Design ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Decision Problems ◽  
Team Leaders ◽  
Formal Approach ◽  
Aggregation Functions ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Problem Data

Supporting the decision of a group in engineering design is a challenging and complicated problem when issues like consensus and compromise must be taken into account. In this paper, we present the foundations of the group hypothetical equivalents and inequivalents method and two fundamental extensions making it applicable to new classes of group decision problems. The first extension focuses on updating the formulation to place unequal importance on the preferences of the group members. The formulation presented in this paper allows team leaders to emphasize the input from certain group members based on experience or other factors. The second extension focuses on the theoretical implications of using a general class of aggregation functions. Illustration and validation of the developments are presented using a vehicle selection problem. Data from ten engineering design groups are used to demonstrate the application of the method.

scholarly journals Learning While Deciding in Groups

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Tindale ◽  
Jeremy R. Winget
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Learning Potential ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Actual Learning

Groups are used to make many important societal decisions. Similar to individuals, by paying attention to the information available during the decision processes and the consequences of the decisions, groups can learn from their decisions as well. In addition, group members can learn from each other by exchanging information and being exposed to different perspectives. However, groups make decisions in many different ways and the potential and actual learning that takes place will vary as a function of the manner in which groups reach consensus. This chapter reviews the literature on group decision making with a special emphasis on how and when group decision making leads to learning. We argue that learning is possible in virtually any group decision making environment but freely interacting groups create the greatest potential for learning. We also discuss when and why group may not always take advantage of the learning potential.

scholarly journals Elaborating on Team-Member Disagreement: Examining Patterned Dispersion in Team-Level Constructs

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew C. Loignon ◽  
David J. Woehr ◽  
Misty L. Loughry ◽  
Matthew W. Ohland
Keyword(s):  
Team Member ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Individual Group ◽  
Team Members ◽  
Team Outcomes ◽  
Emergent States ◽  
Multilevel Theory ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Mean Differences

Emergent states are team-level attributes that reflect team members’ collective attitudes, values, cognitions, and motivations and influence team effectiveness. When measuring emergent states (e.g., cohesion, conflict, satisfaction), researchers frequently collect ratings from individual group members and aggregate them to the team level. After aggregating to the team level, researchers typically focus on mean differences across teams and ignore variability within teams. Rather than focusing on the mean level of emergent states, this study draws on recent advances in multilevel theory and describes an approach for examining the specific patterns of dispersion (i.e., disagreement) across five emergent states. Our findings suggest that teams reliably demonstrate different patterns of rating dispersion that are consistent with existing theoretical frameworks and typologies of dispersion, yet have not previously been empirically demonstrated. We also present evidence that the different patterns of dispersion in emergent states are significantly related to key team outcomes, even after controlling for the mean levels of those emergent states. These findings underscore the importance of exploring additional forms of team-level constructs and highlight ways of extending our understanding of group-level phenomena.

Cooperation and Free Riding in Cyber Security Information-Sharing Programs

2018 ◽  
pp. 309-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asmeret Bier Naugle ◽  
Austin Silva ◽  
Munaf Aamir
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Cyber Security ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Free Riding ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Shared Information ◽  
Substantial Investment ◽  
Human Decision

Even with substantial investment in cyber defense, the risk of harm from cyber attacks is significant for many organizations. Multi-organization information-sharing programs have the potential to improve cyber security at relatively low cost by allowing organizations that face similar threats to share information on vulnerabilities, attacks, and defense strategies. The dynamics of an information-sharing program are likely to depend heavily on interactions between human decision makers. This article describes a system dynamics model of an information-sharing program. The model incorporates decision-making strategies of managers and cyber defenders in each participating organization. The model was used to assess how free-riding behavior is likely to affect the success of a multi-organization information-sharing program. Results shows that free riding may make information sharing more volatile and less beneficial early on, but other factors, including cost savings and the perceived utility of shared information, are likely to create success later in the time horizon.

Group Decision Making for Advanced Manufacturing Technology Selection Using the Choquet Integral

2011 ◽  
pp. 193-212
Author(s):  
Cengiz Kahraman ◽  
Selçuk Çebi ◽  
Ihsan Kaya
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision Making ◽  
Group Decision ◽  
Choquet Integral ◽  
Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing Technology ◽  
Advanced Manufacturing ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Automated Storage ◽  
Method Of Production

Advanced manufacturing technology (AMT) is defined as a modern method of production incorporating highly automated and sophisticated computerized design and operational systems. Hence, an investment decision to adopt AMT is a strategic decision. A group decision making process is stressful when group members have different views under multiple and conflicting criteria. Satisfying group members’ opinions has a critical impact on a decision. In this chapter, a multiple criteria group decision making problem under a fuzzy environment is used for the selection among AMTs. Choquet integral methodology is used for this selection. A strategic investment problem of a company for a suitable Automated Storage/Retrieval System (AS/RS) is considered and discussed.

Government Information Sharing

2012 ◽  
pp. 23-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elsa Estevez ◽  
Pablo Fillottrani ◽  
Tomasz Janowski ◽  
Adegboyega Ojo
Keyword(s):  
Information Sharing ◽  
Government Information ◽  
Theoretical Frameworks ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Holistic View ◽  
Government Response ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
One Stop ◽  
Abstraction Levels

Information sharing (IS) is a key capability required for one-stop and networked government, responding to a variety of intra-organizational, inter-organizational, or cross-national needs like sharing service-related information between parties involved in the delivery of seamless services, sharing information on available resources to enable whole-of-government response to emergencies, etc. Despite its importance, the IS capability is not common for governments due to various technical, organizational, cultural, and other barriers which are generally difficult to address by individual agencies. However, developing such capabilities is a challenging task which requires government-wide coordination, explicit policies and strategies, and concrete implementation frameworks. At the same time, reconciling existing theoretical frameworks with the IS practice can be difficult due to the differences in conceptions and abstraction levels. In order to address such difficulties, this chapter proposes a conceptual framework to guide the development of Government Information Sharing (GIS) policies, strategies, and implementations. By integrating theoretical frameworks and the GIS practice, the framework adopts a holistic view on the GIS problem, highlights the main areas for policy intervention, and provides policy makers and government managers with conceptual clarity on the GIS problem.

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