scholarly journals Goon Squad Democracy? The Rise of Vigilant Citizenship through Victim Support and Neighborhood Watches in Amsterdam (1980-1990)

2021 ◽  
pp. 009614422110104
Author(s):  
Wim De Jong
Keyword(s):  
Support Groups ◽  
Urban Crisis ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Urban Citizenship ◽  
Victim Support ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Urban Police

This paper analyses the rise of a new kind of urban citizenship in the context of the urban crisis of the 1980s: the vigilant citizen, characterized by a view of citizens as possible victims, who assume and are called upon to take responsibility for social safety. Top-down policy explanations insufficiently clarify why the polarized debate over urban petty crime developed into a consensus by the mid-1980s. Tying in with recent trends in urban police history, this paper shows the diversity of bottom-up actors in Amsterdam that helped to, sometimes unintentionally, further a communitarian “social safety” agenda: vigilantes and victim-support groups, the former based in more conservative circles, the latter partly inspired by women advocacy groups. These actors entered into a sometimes-tense dynamic with the police and municipality, which took up the challenge of providing victim support and of educating the public for neighborhood prevention. This slowly yielded results.

Governing Genomics

2021 ◽  
pp. 220-236
Author(s):  
Jennifer Hochschild
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Discrimination ◽  
Governance Structures ◽  
Advocacy Groups ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Framing

There is no most-compelling approach for governing genomics technologies, There are several possibilities: Governance may be top-down from experts to the public; it may be sideways, through advocacy groups for particular issues; or it may be bottom-up, resulting from an incident or political framing that engages the public. It may, alternatively, not occur much at all, or be dispersed across many separate arena. Many experts see particular genomics arenas as distinct and requiring separate governance structures, while the public mostly sees its possibilities and risks as a unified whole. A further complication is that residents of each quadrant typically prefer different governance structures, although Enthusiasts and the Hopeful, and (separately) Skeptics and Rejecters, agree more than other pairings. Author Jennifer Hochschild explains why she fits more into the Enthusiasm cell than the others. She reasons that excessive caution about what might go wrong makes innovations in societal and individual benefits difficult to achieve, that genomic scientists are ethically sophisticated and capable of learning to mitigate problems, and that concern about risks tends to be abstract and focused on possibilities, whereas benefits tend to be concrete and demonstrable. Nonetheless, however governance moves forward, it will need to monitor possibilities for racial, class, or genetic discrimination.

Framing Bacterial Genomics for Public Health(care)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alison Laufer Halpin ◽  
L. Clifford McDonald ◽  
Christopher A. Elkins
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Public Health Care ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Bacterial Genomics ◽  
Healthcare Associated

Advancements in comparative genomics have generated significant interest in defining applications for healthcare-associated pathogens. Clinical microbiology, however, relies on increasingly automated platforms to quickly identify pathogens, resistance mechanisms, and therapy options within CLIA- and FDA-approved frameworks. Additionally, and most notably, healthcare-associated pathogens, especially those that are resistant to antibiotics, represent a diverse spectrum of genera harboring complex genetic targets including antibiotic, biocide, and virulence determinants that can be highly transmissible and, at least for antibiotic resistance, serve as potential targets for containment efforts. U.S. public health investments have focused on rapidly detecting outbreaks and emerging resistance in healthcare-associated pathogens using reference, culture-based, and molecular methods that are distributed, for example, across national laboratory network infrastructures. Herein we describe the public health applications of genomic science that are built from the top-down for broad surveillance, as well as the bottom-up, starting with identification of infections and infectious clusters. For healthcare-associated, including antimicrobial-resistant, pathogens, we propose a combination of top-down and bottom-up genomic approaches leveraged across the public health spectrum, from local infection control, to regional and national containment efforts, to national surveillance for understanding emerging strain ecology and fitness of healthcare pathogens.

Urban Solidarity: Perspectives of Migration and Refugee Accommodation and Inclusion

2020 ◽  
pp. 089692052093633
Author(s):  
Harald Bauder
Keyword(s):  
Community Leaders ◽  
Expert Interviews ◽  
Political Strategies ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Urban Citizenship ◽  
Global North ◽  
Urban Migrant ◽  
Municipal Administrators ◽  
Political Spectrum

The concept of solidarity and related policies and practices are central to many urban initiatives throughout the global north that support vulnerable migrants and refugees. In this paper, I unpack various meanings of the concept of solidarity within urban migrant- and refugee-supporting initiatives and campaigns. Drawing on expert interviews with activists, community leaders, and municipal administrators and politicians in Berlin and Freiburg, Germany, and Zurich, Switzerland, I show the complexity and contradictory manner in which urban solidarity is understood and practiced. While urban solidarity may appeal to a wide political spectrum and incorporate top–down policies and bottom–up practices and approaches, urban actors also embrace various terminologies, such as Solidarity City and urban citizenship, in response to local circumstances and political strategies.

scholarly journals The Challenge of Addressing Obesity: Moving to the Extremes

Challenges ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Glenn Laverack
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Middle Ground ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Single Model ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Future ◽  
Self Help Groups

Obesity is preventable but there is still no single model for prevention and no country has managed to convincingly reverse the growing trend, estimated in 2016 to be 650 million adults. Globally, the increase in obesity will have catastrophic consequences for the economy and for population health. ‘Desperate times breed desperate measures’ and this paper outlines the shift that many governments are being forced to make to halt the growth of obesity. Moving to the extremes means that the planning and coordination of strategies places an equal emphasis on top-down (policy, regulation, and taxation) and bottom-up (local actions, self-help groups, volunteerism) interventions. There is still an important role for communication, the middle-ground between the extremes of bottom-up and top-down, but governments must use ‘power-over’ measures to take control of the causes of obesity. Bringing the public with them will be crucial to success and can be achieved through a sharing of resources, a ‘power-with’, to combine top-down and bottom-up interventions in the future.

scholarly journals Revolutionary Socialist Internationalism: Rank-and-File Reaction in the USPD

1977 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert F. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
International Meeting ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Public ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Historical Accounts

Historical accounts of the First, Second and Third Internationals, i.e., those organizations that attempted to realize some sort of supranational working-class solidarity, have traditionally been presented in terms of congresses, programs and personalities. Invariably scholars have focused on the public and private debates at this or that international meeting and/or how Marx, Engels, Lenin or some other leading figure influenced or reacted to some specific development. In short, the history of the International has been looked at almost exclusively from the “top down”. There is not anything wrong with this approach per se, but it might be of some value to consider, occasionally at least, the people whom the various Internationals were supposed to be serving, in other words to examine the International not only from the “top down” but also from the “bottom up”.

scholarly journals Kebijakan Pembangunan Dalam Konsep Kepemimpinan Partisipatif

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-104
Author(s):  
Wimmy Haliim
Keyword(s):  
Development Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Participatory Leadership ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Policy Making Process ◽  
Writing Models ◽  
The Government

People's needs are often considered trivial by bureaucrats who sit in the government of a country. They tend to carry out and make programs or policies with top-down development, but the compatibility between what is needed by the people and what is done by the government is often different. Therefore, a more bottom-up approach must be present in the policy making process that is within the body of government. One of the goals of writing this article is the desire to strengthen the role of the community in the policy-making process that is considered important. The writing of this article uses the use of normative writing models. So that it uses a conceptual approach to explain to readers the importance of the concept of participatory leadership in development policy. Participatory leadership is leadership that bases its policy makers on a mature process of deliberation (deliberation process) by involving the public, so that development policies that are born can answer the needs and improve the socio-economic capabilities of the public. The concept of participatory leadership can be applied to every public official in the central to regional government environment, the government's goal to carry out comprehensive bureaucratic reform can be achieved. Also, the community will be far more independent and strong. The independence and strength of the community, in addition to being used to participate in the planning process, are also very much needed as an external party in monitoring and evaluating development policies. Keywords: Participation, Development Policy, Participatory Leadership Abstrak Kebutuhan rakyat seringkali dianggap hal yang sepele oleh birokrat yang duduk didalam pemerintahan sebuah negara. Mereka memiliki kecenderungan melakukan dan membuat program atau kebijakan dengan pembangunan yang bersifat top-down, namun kesesuaian antara apa yang dibutuhkan rakyat dengan yang dikerjakan oleh pemerintah sering kali berbeda. Maka dari itu, pendekatan yang lebih bottom-up harus hadir didalam proses pembuatan kebijakan yang ada didalam tubuh pemerintah. Salah satu tujuan penulisan artikel ini adalah keinginan untuk memperkuat peran masyarakat dalam proses pembuat kebijakan yang dinilai penting. Penulisan artikel ini menggunakan penggunaan model penulisan normatif. Sehingga didalamnya menggunakan pendekatan konseptual untuk menjelaskan kepada pembaca pentingan konsep kepemimpinan partisipatif dalam kebijakan pembangunan. Kepemimpinan partisipatif adalah kepemimpinan yang mendasarkan pembuat kebijakannya pada proses pertimbangan yang matang (proses deliberasi) dengan mengikutsertakan publik, sehingga kebijakan pembangunan yang lahir bisa menjawab kebutuhan dan meningkatkan kemampuan sosial-ekonomi publik. Konsep kepemimpinan partisipatif ini bisa diaplikasikan pada setiap pejabat publik yang ada dilingkungan pemerintahan pusat hingga daerah, tujuan pemerintah untuk melakukan reformasi birokrasi secara menyeluruh bisa tercapai. Selain itu, masyarakat akan jauh lebih mandiri dan kuat. Kemandirian dan kekuatan masyarakat, selain bisa digunakan untuk ikutserta dalam proses perencanaan, juga sangat dibutuhkan sebagai pihak eksternal dalam pengawasan hingga evaluasi kebijakan pembangunan. Kata Kunci: Partisipasi, Kebijakan Pembangunan, Kepemimpinan Partisipatif.

Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Pengadaan Tanah Untuk Pembangunan Bagi Kepentingan Umum di Muara Rupit Sumatera Selatan

Tunas Agraria ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 86-100
Author(s):  
Farhan Nayoan ◽  
Priyo Katon Prasetyo
Keyword(s):  
Public Interest ◽  
Land Acquisition ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Urban Village ◽  
People Participation ◽  
Implementation Stages ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
The Government

Abstract: The phenomenon of people rejection that became one of the obstacles in the land acquisition for development of the public interest, was not happening in Muara Rupit Urban Village, Rupit Sub-district, North Musi Rawas Regency (Muratara), South Sumatera Province. In 2017, the land acquisition for the construction of office buildings and other supporting facilities could be done well and smoothly without any rejection from the local people whose land was exposed to the project. This research aims to know the strategy of Muratara Regency Government and people participation of Muara Rupit Urban Village to the implementation of land acquisition. This research was qualitative research with descriptive approach. The results showed that the Muara Rupit community was actively  participated in the preparation and implementation stages of land acquisition. The Government strategy were using 2 (two) approach model, top down and bottom up planning.Keywords: land acquisition, people participation, government strategy. Intisari: Fenomena penolakan masyarakat yang menjadi salah satu hambatan dalam proses pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan bagi kepentingan umum, ternyata tidak terjadi di Kelurahan Muara Rupit, Kecamatan Rupit, Kabupaten Musi Rawas Utara (Muratara), Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Pada tahun 2017, pengadaan tanah untuk pembangunan gedung perkantoran dan sarana pendukung lainnya justru dapat terlaksana dengan baik dan lancar tanpa adanya penolakan dari masyarakat setempat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui strategi Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Muratara dan partisipasi masyarakat Kelurahan Muara Rupit sehingga pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah dapat berjalan dengan lancar. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa bentuk partisipasi masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh masyarakat Muara Rupit adalah berpartisipasi aktif dalam tahapan persiapan dan pelaksanaan pengadaan tanah. Strategi yang digunakan oleh Pemerintah mengunakan 2 (dua) model pendekatan yaitu  top down planning dan bottom up planning.Kata Kunci: pengadaan tanah, partisipasi masyarakat, strategi pemerintah.

How to augment Manual Contact Tracing with Digital Contact Advice (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramesh Raskar ◽  
Suraj Kapa ◽  
Deepti Pahwa ◽  
Renaud Falgas ◽  
Lagnojita Sinha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Incubation Period ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
The Other ◽  
Contact Tracing ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Hybrid Solution ◽  
Hybrid Solutions

UNSTRUCTURED Manual contact tracing is a top-down solution that starts with contact tracers at the public health level, who identify the contacts of infected individuals, interview them to get additional context about the exposure, and also monitor their symptoms and support them until the incubation period is past. On the other hand, digital contact tracing is a bottom-up solution that starts with citizens who on obtaining a notification about possible exposure to an infected individual may choose to ignore the notification, get tested to determine if they were actually exposed or self-isolate and monitor their symptoms over the next two weeks. Most experts recommend a combination of manual and digital contact tracing, though they are limited published studies to guide implementation. One possible hybrid solution digital and manual contact tracing could involve a smartphone based alert that requests the possible contact of an infected individual to call Public Health (PH) for next steps, or that suggests ways to self-assess in order to reduce the burden on PH by only advising the most critical cases to call. In this paper, we aim to compare manual and digital approaches to contact tracing and provide suggestions for potential hybrid solutions.

scholarly journals What Does a Foot Path Do?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Michael Lowe
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Accessibility Barriers ◽  
Macro Scale ◽  
Design Resources ◽  
Pedestrian Network ◽  
Utilitarian Approach ◽  
Pedestrian Infrastructure ◽  
A Site

<p>In New Zealand pedestrian infrastructure is not a robust area of transport planning. As a funding class it receives minimal monetary allocation. This thesis argues design interventions in the pedestrian environment need to be both responsive to the surrounding context and effective in promoting walking patronage. To achieve this goal this thesis argues that the current process used by central authorities and local authorities for researching, designing, and implementing pedestrian infrastructure, needs to change. As a solution this thesis develops a new methodology for researching, designing and implementing pedestrian infrastructure. The methodology is developed through a series of design experiments using Central Wellington as a site. The methodology uses a multi paradigm framework adopted from landscape perception research, which allows it to successfully alternate between ‘top down’ expert orientated approaches. For example, on one hand the methodology uses standardized typological solutions as a cost and time efficient approach to resolving pedestrian barriers to walking; as well as a ‘top down’ macro scale urban analysis in order to ensure any resources being spent at a micro scale street level are also improving larger urban scale problems in the pedestrian network. While on the other hand uses a ‘bottom up’ qualitative approach through a newly developed ‘cognitive survey and interview technique’, to research from the perspective of the public where pedestrian accessibility barriers to walking are located in the built environment. The research is significant as it reveals new insight into the practical application of a standardized typological approach to pedestrian design. In particular it reveals how a new hybrid methodology combining a ‘top down expert’ and utilitarian approach, with a ‘bottom up qualitative’ and contextual approach, makes for efficient employment of design resources when implementing pedestrian infrastructure.</p>

scholarly journals English and Arabic Inscriptions in the Linguistic Landscape of Yemen: A Multilingual Writing Approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anwar A. H. Al-Athwary
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Salient Feature ◽  
General Purpose ◽  
Linguistic Landscape ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
The Public ◽  
Standard Arabic ◽  
Multilingual Writing

The present paper investigates the multilingual written texts of the signboards in the public space of Yemen. It attempts to apply Reh's (2004) typology of multilingual writing. Reh introduces four strategies of multilingualism: duplicating, fragmentary, overlapping, and complementary. They refer to the arrangement of information in the inscriptions of multilingual signs in a given linguistic landscape (LL). To achieve this purpose, a data corpus of 755 multilingual signs in the LL of Yemen has been used, the majority of which are bilingual in Arabic and English. The analysis showed that all four strategies of duplicating, fragmentary, overlapping, and complementary multilingual writings were generally employed in Sana'a's LL. While overlapping and complementary multilingualism were totally absent in the top-down signs, duplicating and fragmentary multilingualism had much higher frequency over overlapping and complementary ones in bottom-up signs. Keeping in mind that speech community in Yemen is monolingual in Arabic, the absence or low frequency of overlapping, and complementary signs in both top-down and bottom-up levels can be explained by the fact that these two types of texts presuppose multilingual readers since knowledge of all the languages involved is necessary to understand the whole message. The model of writing mimicry system proposed by Sutherland (2015) is also examined. Writing mimicry system was found to be a salient feature of the public space of Yemen performing some specific functions; it is only used for advertising and promotional purposes rather than expressing the identity of ethnolinguistic minorities. The study also revealed that Sana'a multilingual LL is characterized by the use of Arabicised English, glocalisation and multifunctional signs, all of which are employed to serve a general purpose of promoting, and advertising commodities and showing modernity and success. Standard Arabic appears on almost all of both top-down and bottom-up signs. The scarce use of Yemeni Arabic is indicative of the notion of Arab nationalism. Linguistic nationalism refers to the communicative and symbolic functions of Standard Arabic in articulating national identity in the LL of Yemen. 

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