Ideal Types of Leadership as Patterns of Affective Meaning

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schneider ◽  
Tobias Schröder
Keyword(s):  
Max Weber ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affective Meaning ◽  
Ideal Types ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Affective Meanings

We propose that macro-level ideal types of leadership, as described in the classic work of Max Weber and reflected in the contemporary management literature, are mirrored in micro-level affective meanings. Within Osgood’s three-dimensional affective space, we identify specific patterns corresponding to leadership styles: people evaluate authoritative/transactional leadership as positive, powerful, and neither passive nor active. Charismatic/transformational leadership is perceived as equally positive and powerful but involves a much higher degree of activity-arousal. Finally, coercive leadership is negative, powerful, and active. Based on Heise’s cybernetic symbolic-interactionist affect control theory, we compare cultural representations of business managers in the United States and Germany at different points in time. We demonstrate a shift from transactional to charismatic leadership in the U.S. manager stereotype and a contrasting consolidation of coercive leadership expectations in Germany. We discuss implications for (1) cross-cultural communication and (2) affective meaning as indicator of social change.

scholarly journals Can we distill fundamental sentiments from natural language use? Evaluating word embeddings as a complement to survey-based ratings of affective meaning.

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin van Loon ◽  
Jeremy Freese
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Word Embeddings ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affective Meaning ◽  
Shared Meanings ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Behavioral Method

Central to affect control theory are culturally shared meanings of concepts. That these sentiments overlap among members of a culture presumably reflects their roots in the language use that members observe. Yet the degree to which the affective meaning of a concept is encoded in the way linguistic representations of that concept are used in everyday symbolic exchange has yet to be demonstrated. The question has methodological as well as theoretical significance for affect control theory, as language may provide an unobtrusive, behavioral method of obtaining EPA ratings complementary to those heretofore obtained via questionnaires. We pursue a series of studies that evaluate whether tools from machine learning and computational linguistics can capture the fundamental affective meaning of concepts from large text corpora. We develop an algorithm that uses word embeddings to predict EPA profiles available from a recent EPA dictionary derived from traditional questionnaires, as well as novel concepts collected using an open-source web app we have developed. Across both a held-out portion of the available data as well as the novel data, our predictions correlate with survey-based measures of the E, P, and A ratings of concepts at a magnitude greater than 0.85, 0.8, and 0.75 respectively.

scholarly journals The truths and falsehoods of post-truth leaders

Leadership ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-764
Author(s):  
Sverre Spoelstra
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
South America ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
Max Weber ◽  
Charismatic Leadership ◽  
The United States ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Donald Trump ◽  
The World

Over the last three years, the idea of a ‘post-truth society’ has become a common talking point. Politicians from around the world, from Europe to South America to the United States, have been labelled as ‘post-truth leaders’, with Donald Trump being portrayed as the standard bearer for this new kind of political discourse. This article suggests that post-truth leadership is nothing new. Ever since Max Weber developed his notion of charismatic leadership in the early 20th century, Western societies have been infatuated with the idea that leaders ought not concern themselves too much with factual reality. In a sense, leadership has been post-truth all along.

Unequal Foundations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Hitlin ◽  
Sarah K. Harkness
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Good Deal ◽  
The United States ◽  
Moral Emotions ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Individual Outcomes

This book offers a novel theory and an original use of cross-cultural data to argue that the level of economic inequality in a society is reflected in the emotional experience of its members. People living in societies with greater equality experience more positive, binding emotions on a regular basis, while people living in unequal societies, like the United States, are significantly more likely to regularly experience negative, sanctioning moral emotions. We develop the idea that morality operates at both the societal and individual levels, and develop the thesis that individual moral emotions represent the distal structure of society. We bridge a number of areas in social science, including morality, inequality, social psychology, and the study of emotions. A good deal of work explains how being economically advantaged (or not) contributes to individual tastes, beliefs, values, and choices. Very little work links the extent of the advantages within a society to individual outcomes. We suggest that being advantaged in a relatively equal society leads to different experiences and shared cultures than being advantaged in a highly unequal society. We offer a novel use of established data from a tool drawn from the well-established Affect Control Theory tradition to demonstrate empirical support for our theory. As such, we go beyond previous work by showing data that supports our theory using a method that is designed for cross-cultural comparative research. We aim for this book to stimulate future work via different tools to test our theoretical argument.

scholarly journals Bridging the Gender Wage Gap: Gendered Cultural Sentiments, Sex Segregation, and Occupation-Level Wages.

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-151
Author(s):  
Robert E. Freeland ◽  
Catherine E. Harnois
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Wage Gap ◽  
Cultural Beliefs ◽  
Gender Composition ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Occupation Level ◽  
Affective Meanings

The extent to which cultural beliefs about gender shape occupation-level wages remains a central yet unresolved question in the study of gender inequality. Human capital theorists predict that gendered beliefs have no direct effect on occupation-level wages. Devaluation theorists argue that occupations associated with women and femininity are systematically devalued and thus underpaid. We test these explanations using data from the American Community Survey, the Occupational Information Network, and an affect control theory (ACT) data set of affective meanings. We use the ACT data set to operationalize occupational gendered cultural sentiments along two distinct dimensions: evaluation (goodness, caring, warmth) and potency (power, strength, competence). Hierarchical linear models show that potency but not evaluation affects occupational income net of individual and occupational controls. Path analyses show that potency has a direct effect net of occupational traits. The gender composition of an occupation indirectly affects occupational income through potency. The cultural meanings of potency/competence associated with masculinity, rather than the devaluation of feminine nurturant occupations, is the primary cultural mechanism linking gender composition and occupational reward.

The Affective Self: Perseverance of Self-Sentiments in Late-Life Dementia

2020 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 152-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda E. Francis ◽  
Kathryn J. Lively ◽  
Alexandra König ◽  
Jesse Hoey
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Reflected Appraisals ◽  
Creative Agency ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Loss Of Self ◽  
The Social ◽  
Affective Meanings ◽  
Cognitive Construct

The self has long been construed as a rational, cognitive construct; the cognitive decline of dementia has therefore been largely viewed as the loss of self. Through qualitative interviews, we find that persons with dementia strive to maintain a coherent self despite their increasing disability. Using the theories of affect control theory (ACT) and ACT-Self, we illustrate their shift from using denotative (cognitive) meanings to reliance on connotative (affective) meanings in defining the situation and choosing identities to enact. As persons with dementia lose the cognitive ability to access shared definitions and reflected appraisals, their connection to the social world narrows to affective meanings of established sentiments and emotional reactions from others. Our findings underscore the creative agency of self and the limitations of the rationalistic bias of sociology by recognizing an affective self that stands in complement to the generally acknowledged cognitive self.

scholarly journals An Analytical Frame of Affective Meanings Using Affect Control Theory

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 99-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHUICHIROU IKE ◽  
SCHNEIDER ANDREAS ◽  
SMITH W. HERMAN
Keyword(s):  
Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Affective Meanings

scholarly journals Who Is Presidential? Women’s Political Representation, Deflection, and the 2016 Election

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 237802311773789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin M. Boyle ◽  
Chase B. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Political Representation ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Women In Politics ◽  
Hillary Clinton ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Presidential Nomination ◽  
Voter Preferences ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
2016 Election

In 2016, Hillary Clinton was the first woman to gain the presidential nomination from a major political party in the United States, yet she was unsuccessful. The current study explores barriers to being elected as president for women generally and Hillary Clinton specifically. Using the propositions and tools of affect control theory, we demonstrate how women’s political representation shapes cultural sentiments about women and the president. In a nationwide sample of Americans surveyed shortly before the election, we find women’s representation on the state level influences voter preferences through these cultural sentiments: More women in politics makes a woman president feel less deflecting, which is associated with a greater likelihood of voting for Clinton. We also demonstrate how sentiments about Clinton—as an individual, not merely a woman running for president—conflict with Democratic voters’ expectations for presidential qualities and behaviors, which may have further prevented victory in 2016.

Behaviour Prescriptions versus Professional Identities in Multi-cultural Corporations: A Cross-cultural Computer Simulation

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Schneider
Keyword(s):  
Professional Identities ◽  
Symbolic Interactionist ◽  
Affect Control Theory ◽  
Affective Meaning ◽  
Language Differences ◽  
Organizational Behaviour ◽  
Affect Control ◽  
Strong Focus ◽  
Computer Based ◽  
Mathematical Formalization

There is a strong focus on cognitive, language-based, information processing in organizations. Acknowledging the gut decision of managers, this article introduces a symbolic interactionist framework that allows the investigation of organizational behaviour based on affective meaning, on emotion-generated implications. Unlike most symbolic interactionist approaches, affect-control theory is based on rigorous mathematical formalization that allows precise empirical methodologies. The effectiveness of this affective model is demonstrated in a multicultural setting where cultural differences and language differences make communication within the organization difficult. Computer-based simulations of interaction address the problems that managers experience following culture-centric behaviour prescriptions instead of using the affective meaning of their professional identities as guidance for their behaviour.

scholarly journals Animation Cross-Cultural Communication from the Perspective of Semiotics

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hao Yan
Keyword(s):  
Production Capacity ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cultural Influence ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Cultural Industries ◽  
Cultural Industry ◽  
Animation Industry ◽  
Cross Cultural Communication ◽  
The World

<p>In today's globalization, each country in the world is exporting its own economic, political and cultural ideas. The animation industry is part of the cultural industry. China is at a disadvantage in the export in cultural industries. There is a huge gap between China and countries like Japan, Europe and the United States and other countries regarding the animation industry. Therefore, it is necessary to learn the experience and technology of advanced countries to improve ourselves, not only to improve the animation production capacity of China, but also to enhance cultural influence in the international community.</p>

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