scholarly journals Does Protest “Distract” Athletes From Performing? Evidence From the National Anthem Demonstrations in the National Football League

2021 ◽  
pp. 019372352110436
Author(s):  
Daniel N. Hawkins ◽  
Andrew M. Lindner ◽  
Douglas Hartmann ◽  
Brianna Cochran
Keyword(s):  
National Football League ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Distraction Effect ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
Team Game ◽  
Player Game ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Or Team

While there is a long tradition of activism within sport, a popular criticism of athlete protest is that it is a “distraction” that hinders on-field performance. The widespread demonstrations against racial injustice in 2017 among players in the National Football League (NFL) provided an opportunity to test this “distraction hypothesis.” Using data drawn from multiple sources, we first explored which factors predicted player protest, finding that Black players and those playing for underdogs were more likely to protest. Then, using a series of analyses at the player-game level ( n = 19,051) and the team-game level ( n = 512), we tested the assertion that protest is detrimental to individual or team performance, finding no evidence for a distraction effect. The results of this study allow us to better understand social factors that may affect athletic performance or constrain athlete activism.

scholarly journals Does Protest “Distract” Athletes from Performing?: Evidence from the National Anthem Demonstrations in the National Football League

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel N. Hawkins ◽  
Andrew Micah Lindner ◽  
Douglas Hartmann ◽  
Brianna Cochran
Keyword(s):  
Team Performance ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
Team Game ◽  
Player Game ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Frequent Criticism

While there is a long tradition of activism within sport, a frequent criticism of athlete protest is that it is a “distraction” that hinders on-field performance. In 2017, in the midst of widespread demonstrations against racial injustice in the U.S. among players in the National Football League (NFL), the sports community reprised the “it’s a distraction” refrain. Using data drawn from multiple sources, we first explore which factors related to players’ likelihood of protesting. Then, using a series of analyses at the player-game level (n=19,051) and the team-game level (n=512), we tested the assertion that protest is detrimental to individual and team performance. The results of this study allow us to better understand factors that may constrain professional athletes’ participation in protest and challenge a common form of rhetoric used to discourage athlete activism.

Sporting dissent: Colin Kaepernick, NFL activism, and media framing contests

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 829-849 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jules Boykoff ◽  
Ben Carrington
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Racial Inequality ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Media Framing ◽  
Police Brutality ◽  
People Of Color ◽  
National Anthem ◽  
Political Statement ◽  
Racial Injustice ◽  
The Usa

In August 2016, Colin Kaepernick, a quarterback on the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League, sat in protest during the national anthem. He made it clear that his stance was a political statement against racialized oppression and police brutality carried out against people of color in the USA, and in doing so he became a polarizing cultural figure. This article uses content analysis to examine newspaper coverage of the emergence and evolution of Kaepernick’s political activism over a critical two-year period, from August 2016 through August 2018. First, we identify the dominant frames that media adopted when covering his protests and their aftermath. Then we examine who got to speak in the articles: which sources tended to predominate and how did this inflect the principal frames? Finally, we explore whether Kaepernick’s activism deepened discussions over police brutality against African Americans or racial inequality in the USA. We conclude that the print media’s coverage was largely favorable to Kaepernick even as much of the coverage reduced the protest from being about racial injustice in the USA to being framed, reductively, as an “anthem protest.”

scholarly journals Concussion in National Football League Athletes Is Not Associated With Increased Risk of Acute, Noncontact Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 232596712110034
Author(s):  
Toufic R. Jildeh ◽  
Fabien Meta ◽  
Jacob Young ◽  
Brendan Page ◽  
Kelechi R. Okoroha
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Return To Play ◽  
Lower Extremity Injury ◽  
Extremity Injury ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
And Control

Background: Impaired neuromuscular function after concussion has recently been linked to increased risk of lower extremity injuries in athletes. Purpose: To determine if National Football League (NFL) athletes have an increased risk of sustaining an acute, noncontact lower extremity injury in the 90-day period after return to play (RTP) and whether on-field performance differs pre- and postconcussion. Study Design: Cohort study, Level of evidence, 3. Methods: NFL concussions in offensive players from the 2012-2013 to the 2016-2017 seasons were studied. Age, position, injury location/type, RTP, and athlete factors were noted. A 90-day RTP postconcussive period was analyzed for lower extremity injuries. Concussion and injury data were obtained from publicly available sources. Nonconcussed, offensive skill position NFL athletes from the same period were used as a control cohort, with the 2014 season as the reference season. Power rating performance metrics were calculated for ±1, ±2, and ±3 seasons pre- and postconcussion. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine associations between concussion and lower extremity injury as well as the relationship of concussions to on-field performance. Results: In total, 116 concussions were recorded in 108 NFL athletes during the study period. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of an acute, noncontact lower extremity injury between concussed and control athletes (8.5% vs 12.8%; P = .143), which correlates with an odds ratio of 0.573 (95% CI, 0.270-1.217). Days (66.4 ± 81.9 days vs 45.1 ± 69.2 days; P = .423) and games missed (3.67 ± 3.0 vs 2.9 ± 2.7 games; P = .470) were similar in concussed athletes and control athletes after a lower extremity injury. No significant changes in power ratings were noted in concussed athletes in the acute period (±1 season to injury) when comparing pre- and postconcussion. Conclusion: Concussed, NFL offensive athletes did not demonstrate increased odds of acute, noncontact, lower extremity injury in a 90-day RTP period when compared with nonconcussed controls. Immediate on-field performance of skill position players did not appear to be affected by concussion.

Assessing the driving distraction effect of vehicle HMI displays using data mining techniques

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 ◽  
pp. 235-250
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Zaiyan Gong ◽  
Jianjie Tan ◽  
Qianwen Zhang ◽  
Yuanyang Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Data Mining ◽  
Distraction Effect ◽  
Data Mining Techniques ◽  
Using Data

Multicultural Sport Psychology’s Consulting Role in the United States Activist–Athlete Movement

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica L. David ◽  
Jesse A. Steinfeldt ◽  
I. S. Keino Miller ◽  
Jacqueline E. Hyman
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
African Americans ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Social Action ◽  
National Football League ◽  
Active Role ◽  
The United States ◽  
Raising Awareness ◽  
Broad Term ◽  
Racial Injustice

Multiculturalism is a broad term that encapsulates a number of idealistic constructs related to inclusion, understanding the diverse experiences of others, and creating equitable access to resources and opportunity in our society. Social justice activism is a core tenet of multiculturalism. In order to be optimally effective, multiculturalism needs to be an “action word” rather than a passive construct, one that is inextricably linked to the ability to commit to and engage in an agenda of social justice wherein the inclusive ideals of multiculturalism are actively sought out and fought for. One such domain where the constructs of multiculturalism and social action are playing out in real time is within U.S. sport. U.S. athletes across all ranks (i.e., Olympic, professional, college, and youth sports) are actively engaging in social justice activism by using their platforms to advocate for equality and human rights. A recent display of activism that has garnered worldwide attention was the silent protest of former San Francisco 49ers quarterback Colin Kaepernick. During the National Football League (NFL) preseason games of the 2016 season, Kaepernick began kneeling during the playing of the U.S. national anthem as a means to protest racial injustice, police brutality, and the killing of African Americans. Since the start of his protest, athletes around the nation and the world have joined the activist–athlete movement, thereby raising awareness of the mistreatment of African Americans within U.S. society. The activist–athlete movement has amassed support and generated momentum, but consulting sport psychology professionals can adopt a more active role to better support athletes, thereby advancing the movement. Consulting sport psychologists can strive to better understand the nature of athlete-activism and aspire to help their athlete clients explore and express their opinions so they can work to effect meaningful societal change, using sport as the vehicle for their message.

The opportunity model of organizational commitment

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 259-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elif Cicekli ◽  
Hayat Kabasakal
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Social Exchange Theory ◽  
Exchange Theory ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the relationships between promotion, development, and recognition opportunities at work and organizational commitment, and whether these relationships are moderated by the job opportunities employees have in other organizations. Design/methodology/approach An opportunity model of organizational commitment is developed based on social exchange theory and several streams of opportunity research. Factor analyses and hierarchical multiple regression analyses are carried out to test the hypotheses using data from 550 white-collar employees. Findings The results of the analyses show that opportunities for development and recognition are predictors of organizational commitment, that job opportunities employees have in other organizations negatively moderate the relationship between recognition opportunity at work and organizational commitment, and that promotion opportunity does not predict organizational commitment. Research limitations/implications Future researchers could study the issue in the context of other cultures using data from multiple sources. Practical implications Employers who seek to increase their employees’ organizational commitment are advised to divert their energies from struggling to create promotion opportunities for their employees to creating opportunities for development and recognition. Originality/value The study explores the under-researched concept of opportunity at work and connects several streams of opportunity research by drawing on social exchange theory as a theoretical framework. The model is the first to address the effects of opportunity and alternative opportunities on organizational commitment.

scholarly journals Does Fund Size Erode Mutual Fund Performance? The Role of Liquidity and Organization

2004 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 1276-1302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Chen ◽  
Harrison Hong ◽  
Ming Huang ◽  
Jeffrey D Kubik
Keyword(s):  
Mutual Fund ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Fund Performance ◽  
The Family ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Performance Benchmarks ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Or Team ◽  
Fund Size

We investigate the effect of scale on performance in the active money management industry. We first document that fund returns, both before and after fees and expenses, decline with lagged fund size, even after accounting for various performance benchmarks. We then explore a number of potential explanations for this relationship. This association is most pronounced among funds that have to invest in small and illiquid stocks, suggesting that these adverse scale effects are related to liquidity. Controlling for its size, a fund's return does not deteriorate with the size of the family that it belongs to, indicating that scale need not be bad for performance depending on how the fund is organized. Finally, using data on whether funds are solo-managed or team-managed and the composition of fund investments, we explore the idea that scale erodes fund performance because of the interaction of liquidity and organizational diseconomies.

Aggression and Noncompliance among Swedish Children in Centre-based Care, Family Day Care, and Home Care

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margarita Prodromidis ◽  
Michael E. Lamb ◽  
Kathleen J. Sternberg ◽  
C. Phillip Hwang ◽  
Anders G. Broberg
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Family Day Care ◽  
Composite Measures ◽  
Individual Family ◽  
Care Family ◽  
Using Data

The relations between individual, family, and child care characteristics and children's aggressive and noncompliant behaviours were examined in this study of 140 first-born Swedish children assessed at 16,28,40, and 80 months of age. All of the parents involved in the study had attempted to enrol their children in centre-based day care, but some were accepted instead into family day care settings, while others remained in the exclusive care of their parents. Composite measures of aggression and noncompliance were constructed using data obtained from multiple sources (i.e. mothers, teachers, observers). Child care arrangements and histories were not associated with levels of aggression or noncompliance. Multiple regression analyses suggested that the quality of home care was the best predictor of both aggressive and noncompliant behaviour. Boys were more aggressive than girls, and children with more controlling parents were more noncompliant. Individual differences in aggression (but not noncompliance) were moderately stable over time. Aggression and noncompliance were modestly but reliably related to one another. These results suggest that alternative care of high quality does not lead to noncompliance and aggression.

scholarly journals Sanctioned terror: economic sanctions and more effective terrorism

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Altmann ◽  
Jason Giersch
Keyword(s):  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Terrorist Attacks ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Target States ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Rate Of Success ◽  
Target Country

AbstractThe literature on unintended consequences of economic sanctions is well developed, but few studies have addressed terrorism in target states, and none have assessed whether that terrorism becomes more effective when sanctions are in place. In this study, we test whether economic sanctions lead to an increase in the lethality of terrorism. Using data from multiple sources, we find that while sanctions are unrelated to the rate of success of terrorist attacks, they are positively associated with the number of fatalities resulting from terrorist attacks. These findings further the need for policymakers to consider the consequences sanctions have on the target country populace.

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