The Long “Race” to Diversity in Otolaryngology

2020 ◽  
pp. 019459982095113
Author(s):  
Mahbuba Tusty ◽  
Brenda Flores ◽  
Robert Victor ◽  
Magali Fassiotto ◽  
Yvonne Maldonado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical School ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
School Enrollment ◽  
Minority Communities ◽  
Black Representation ◽  
Full Professorship ◽  
Medicine Physician ◽  
The Us ◽  
Collective Strategy ◽  
Internal Medicine Physician

The number of health disparities disproportionately affecting minority communities continue to rise. Thus, it is imperative to assess whether equity within medical school enrollment and along the academic pipeline has mirrored this growth, especially among elite surgical specialties such as otolaryngology. Census and educational data from 2010 and 2018 were used to assess the current otolaryngology, surgery, and internal medicine physician and faculty workforce diversity across each stage of the academic medicine trajectory by race and ethnicity. We found that disparities exist in medical school enrollment for minority students such that Hispanic/Latinx representation was only 30% and Black representation only 50% of their respective proportions in the US population in 2018. Disparities in achieving full professorship were also observed across all 3 specialties but most prominently in otolaryngology, with 1% Black representation among otolaryngology professors in 2018. A collective strategy toward diversifying the otolaryngology workforce should be explored.

scholarly journals Reductions in US life expectancy from COVID-19 by Race and Ethnicity: Is 2021 a repetition of 2020?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Andrasfay ◽  
Noreen Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Ethnic Disparities ◽  
White Population ◽  
Widespread Distribution ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Racial Ethnic ◽  
Black And Latino

COVID-19 had a huge mortality impact in the US in 2020 and accounted for the majority of the 1.5-year reduction in 2020 life expectancy at birth. There were also substantial racial/ethnic disparities in the mortality impact of COVID-19 in 2020, with the Black and Latino populations experiencing reductions in life expectancy at birth over twice the reduction experienced by the White population. Despite continued vulnerability of the Black and Latino populations, the hope was that widespread distribution of effective vaccines would mitigate the overall impact and reduce racial/ethnic disparities in 2021. In this study, we use cause-deleted life table methods to estimate the impact of COVID-19 mortality on 2021 US period life expectancy. Our partial-year estimates, based on provisional COVID-19 deaths for January-early October 2021 suggest that racial/ethnic disparities have persisted and that life expectancy at birth in 2021 has already declined by 1.2 years from pre-pandemic levels. Our projected full-year estimates, based on projections of COVID-19 deaths through the end of 2021 from the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, suggest a 1.8-year reduction in US life expectancy at birth from pre-pandemic levels, a steeper decline than the estimates produced for 2020. The reductions in life expectancy at birth estimated for the Black and Latino populations are 1.6-2.4 times the impact for the White population.

scholarly journals Performance of the US Office of Management and Budget's revised race and ethnicity categories in Asian populations

2007 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan L. Holup ◽  
Nancy Press ◽  
William M. Vollmer ◽  
Emily L. Harris ◽  
Thomas M. Vogt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Asian Populations ◽  
The Us

Life Expectancy At The US-Mexico Border: Evidence Of Disparities By Place, Race, And Ethnicity

2021 ◽  
pp. 10.1377/hlthaff
Author(s):  
Keith P. Gennuso ◽  
Elizabeth A. Pollock ◽  
Anne M. Roubal
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
The Us ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Us Mexico Border

Abstract 236: Gender Disparities in Bystander CPR and Defibrillation Persist in Black and Hispanic Neighborhoods in the US

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey L Blewer ◽  
Monique A Starks ◽  
Carolina Malta Hansen ◽  
Marcus E Ong ◽  
Anthony J Viera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
Minority Population ◽  
Black Neighborhoods ◽  
The Us ◽  
Bystander Cpr ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Introduction: Bystander CPR (B-CPR) and defibrillation for sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) vary by gender with females being less likely to receive these interventions. Despite known differences by race and ethnicity, it is unknown whether gender disparities in B-CPR and defibrillation persist by neighborhood race and ethnicity. Objectives: We examined the likelihood of receiving B-CPR and defibrillation by gender stratified by public location and neighborhood racial/ethnic composition. We hypothesized that in public locations within Black neighborhoods, females will have a lower likelihood of receiving B-CPR compared to males. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the US Cardiac Arrest Registry to Enhance Survival (CARES) registry. Neighborhoods were classified by census tract based on percent of Black or Hispanic residents using the threshold in the definition of “White flight” where Whites leave a neighborhood when it exceeds >30% of a minority population. We independently modeled the likelihood of receipt of B-CPR and defibrillation by gender stratified by public location and neighborhood racial/ethnic composition controlling for confounding variables. Results: From 2013-2018, CARES collected 350,722 US arrests; after excluding pediatric arrests, those witnessed by EMS, or those that occurred in a healthcare facility, 214,464 were included. Mean age was 64±16 and 65% were male; 39% received B-CPR, 9% received bystander defibrillation prior to 9-1-1 responders arrival, and 18% occurred in the public. In Black neighborhoods, females who had SCA in public locations were 22% less likely to receive B-CPR (OR: 0.78 (0.64-0.95), p=0.01) and 42% less likely to receive defibrillation (OR: 0.58 (0.45-0.74), p<0.01) compared to males. In Hispanic neighborhoods, females who had SCA in public locations were also less likely to receive B-CPR (OR: 0.72 (0.59-0.87), p<0.01) and less likely to receive defibrillation (OR: 0.62 (0.48-0.80), p<0.01) compared to males. Conclusion: Females with public SCA have a decreased likelihood of receiving B-CPR and defibrillation, and these findings persist in Black and Hispanic neighborhoods. This has implications for strategies to reduce disparities around bystander response to SCA.

Descriptive Representation and Black Public Opinion Toward Electoral Reforms

Gaining Voice ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 123-147
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
State Legislature ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Descriptive Representation ◽  
Congressional Election ◽  
Black Representation ◽  
The Us ◽  
Electoral Reforms ◽  
Us Constitution ◽  
Black Public Opinion

Given the difficulties blacks experience exercising their right to vote, it seems that African Americans would uniformly support laws that make it easier for people to vote (progressive electoral reforms), while uniformly opposing laws that make it more difficult for people to vote (prohibitive electoral reforms). Arguing against this logic and building on studies of winning and losing in politics, the chapter posits that descriptive representation in the state legislature should liberalize black public opinion toward electoral reforms governing access to the franchise, using 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Study data to find partial support. An increased black seat share in the legislature is associated with blacks being less supportive of requiring that voters read from the US Constitution and requiring voters to show photo ID. Further, an increased black seat share is related to blacks being more supportive of automatic voter registration and election-day registration. The black representation ratio was unimportant for understanding whether blacks supported electoral reforms.

Descriptive Representation and Black Political Involvement

Gaining Voice ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 97-122
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Clark ◽  
Ray Block
Keyword(s):  
African Americans ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Representative Democracy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Involvement ◽  
Congressional Election ◽  
Election Study ◽  
Political Empowerment ◽  
Black Representation ◽  
The Us

A healthy representative democracy requires that citizens be politically involved, and it is especially important to consider the political involvement of groups that are marginalized, such as African Americans. Building on the political empowerment hypothesis, the chapter argues that an increased black seat share and black representation ratio should be associated with increased black political involvement. Using 2008 Cooperative Congressional Election Study data, the chapter describes how in states with an increased black seat share in the legislature blacks are more likely to be highly interested in politics and are more likely to vote. In states with a higher black representation ratio, blacks are more inclined to persuade others to vote. Black representation in the US House does not increase black political involvement, despite being the focus of many scholarly works of political empowerment.

Introduction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-19
Author(s):  
Nyasha Junior
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Reception History ◽  
Literary Imagination ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Racial Categorization ◽  
Biblical Scholarship ◽  
The Us ◽  
Research Questions ◽  
Biblical Texts

This chapter discusses the aims of Reimagining Hagar: Blackness and Bible. The key research questions for this book are: (1) How did Hagar become Black? and (2) What purpose did or does that serve? It situates this project at the intersection of African American biblical scholarship and reception history within biblical scholarship. This chapter introduces terminology related to race and ethnicity and provides background information on issues of color within the ancient world and within biblical texts. It explores the persistence of racial categorization within US society and the US literary imagination despite the lack of biological or genetic basis for contemporary notions of race. It discusses the importance of African American vernacular traditions and the ongoing and dynamic social and cultural interactions between African Americans and biblical texts. It provides an overview of each chapter within the book.

10. Race, ethnicities, and the criminal justice system

2021 ◽  
pp. 273-307
Author(s):  
Neena Samota
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Criminal Justice System ◽  
Race And Ethnicity ◽  
Justice System ◽  
State Level ◽  
System P ◽  
The Us ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Uk

This chapter explores the broader context and history of race-related issues in the UK, considering why racial disparities persist in diverse societies like the US, Australia, Canada, and the UK, before narrowing the focus to race and ethnicity in the sphere of crime and criminal justice. The concepts of ‘race’ and ‘ethnicity’ have long played major roles in both classroom and broader societal discussions about crime, punishment, and justice, but they have arguably never been more present and visible than today. The chapter looks at the problems with the statistics available on race, ethnicity, and crime, noting the ways in which they may not tell the whole story, before considering the statistics themselves as the chapter discusses the relationships between ethnicity and victimisation and offending. It then moves on to how ethnic minorities experience the various elements of the criminal justice system and the disadvantages they often face, before outlining the attempts that have been made to address these disparities at a state level. Finally, the chapter discusses critical race theory, a key theory in modern criminological examinations of race and its relationship to crime and justice, which grew out of the US but has much broader value and relevance as a framework of analysis.

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