Rural Development and Urban Migration: Can We Keep Them down on the Farm?

1983 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Rhoda
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
The Other ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
The Common ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Migration Theories

The purpose of this study is to test the hypothesis that rural development projects and programs reduce rural-urban migration. Migration theories and empirical research are briefly reviewed, generalizations are established and these are used to test the hypothesis for a variety of rural development interventions. The study concludes that the common belief that rural interventions reduce urban migration is not justified. While the migration impact of any specific intervention depends on its characteristics and those of the rural area into which it is introduced, some generalizations can be made. Rural-urban migration may be reduced by interventions which increase cultivatable land, equalize land or income distribution, or decrease fertility. On the other hand, migration appears to be stimulated by interventions which increase access to cities, commercialize agriculture, strengthen rural-urban integration, raise education and skill levels, or increase rural inequalities.

scholarly journals The Effects of Rural-Urban Migration on Rural Communities of Southeastern Nigeria

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chukwuedozie K. Ajaero ◽  
Patience C. Onokala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Development Projects ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Southeastern Nigeria ◽  
Development Interventions ◽  
Urban Migrants ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Questionnaire Surveys

This paper examined the effects of rural-urban migration on the rural communities of Southeastern Nigeria. Data were obtained using mixed methods approach comprising questionnaire surveys and key informant interviews. Six rural local government areas (LGAs) were selected based on population size and spatial equity from two states of Southeastern Nigeria. From each of the rural LGAs, fifty migrant-sending households were sampled for the study. Multiple regression and hierarchical cluster analyses were used to estimate and categorize the effects of rural-urban migration due to remittances and community projects executed by the rural-urban migrants, respectively. In addition, the Chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis tests were utilized in prioritizing areas for development interventions in the rural communities. The regression analysis shows that rural-urban migration contributes significantly towards the development of their rural communities through monetary remittances and the involvement of the rural-urban migrants in community development projects. Based on the findings, recommendations such as initiation of development projects based on the identified needs of each of the rural communities to augment the effects of migration in the study area are made.

Ruskin's Reputation in the Eighteen-Fifties : The Evidence of the Three Principal Weeklies

PMLA ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 678-685 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Jump
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
William Morris ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pre Raphaelites ◽  
The Times ◽  
Eighteen Fifties

Mr. R. H. Wilenski protests against the common belief that Ruskin was a kind of Art-Dictator of England in the eighteen-fifties. Ruskin, he says, was not a best-selling author during that decade; nor, on the other hand, was he respected by established artists and architects. So slight was his repute, indeed, that his letters to the Times in May 1851 can have done little to influence either the general or the specialist public in favor of pre-Raphaelitism. This drastic revision of accepted notions has had surprisingly little effect. In Mr. Paul Bloomfield's William Morris, Ruskin appears once more as the critic who gave “status” to the Pre-Raphaelites; and Mr. William Gaunt declares that on May 13, 1851, “an eagle scream was heard, a mighty talon hovered over the correspondence columns of The Times. It was Ruskin to the rescue. The Pre-Raphaelites had found a champion.” Neither of these writers mentions Wilenski's dissent.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION OF YOUTHS ON RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN OGBOMOSO SOUTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, OYO STATE. NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 66-77
Author(s):  
A. O. OKETAYO ◽  
Y. L. OLALEYE
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Rural Development ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Incentives ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural Urban Migration

The study examined the effect of rural-urban migration of youth on rural development in Ogbomoso South Local Government Area of Oyo State. Rural-urban migration is a phenomenon that most developing nations of the world are experiencing due to the gross neglect of the rural areas. In Nigeria, the issue of rural-urban migration is quite alarming owing to the discriminatory centralization of facilities in the urban areas as well as widening income gap between the urban and rural areas. This study adopted a descriptive survey research design while purposive sampling technique was used in selecting 300 from Ogbomoso south LGAs.  The data collected was tested by using Pearson product moment correlation and ANOVA. The study established that self-help project had significant relationship with youth out-migration (r = .351*, N= 300, P < .05), community economy  also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .277*, N= 300, P < .05), care for elderly had negative significant relationship with out-migration(r = -.182*, N= 300, P < .05) and cultural practices also had significant relationship with out-migration (r = .198*, N= 300, P < .05). The study recommended  that; government should decentralize its developmental projects and programmes in order to accommodate the rural areas. Government should make agriculture attractive for rural dwellers so that they could see it as a profitable occupation and there should be economic incentives to promote adaptation of indigenous skills and technologies in the rural areas. 

Statistical Grouping Methods for Identifying User Profiles

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-52
Author(s):  
Francisco Kelsen de Oliveira ◽  
Max Brandão de Oliveira ◽  
Alex Sandro Gomes ◽  
Leandro Marques Queiros
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Methods ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering ◽  
The Other ◽  
User Profiles ◽  
Clustering Methods ◽  
Skill Levels ◽  
Hierarchical Clustering Methods ◽  
The Common ◽  
Software And Hardware

This article contains data from a group of users, divided into subgroups according to their levels of knowledge about technology. Statistical hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering methods were studied, compared and used in the creations of the subgroups from the similarities of the skill levels with these users' technology. The research sample consists of teachers who answered online questionnaires about their skills in the use of software and hardware with an educational bias. The statistical methods of the grouping were performed and showed the possibilities of groupings of the users. The analysis of these groups allowed the identification of the common characteristics among the individuals of each subgroup. Therefore, it was possible to define two subgroups of users, one with skills in technology and another without skills in technology. The partial results of the research showed two main algorithms for grouping with 92% similarity from groups of users with skills in technology and the other with little skill, confirming the accuracy of the techniques discriminating against individuals.

Which is Better?

2013 ◽  
pp. 196-205
Author(s):  
Kazi Mostafa ◽  
Innchyn Her ◽  
Jonathan M. Her
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Stability Margin ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Common Belief ◽  
Walking Machines ◽  
The Common

Natural multiped gaits are believed to evolve from countless generations of natural selection. However, do they also prove to be better choices for walking machines? This paper compares two surefooted gaits, one natural and the other artificial, for six-legged animals or robots. In these gaits four legs are used to support the body, enabling greater stability and tolerance for faults. A standardized hexapod model was carefully examined as it moved in arbitrary directions. The study also introduced a new factor in addition to the traditional stability margin criterion to evaluate the equilibrium of such gaits. Contrary to the common belief that natural gaits would always provide better stability during locomotion, these results show that the artificial gait is superior to the natural gait when moving transversely in precarious conditions.

Rice Knowledge Systems in Transition

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lena Kaufmann
Keyword(s):  
Paddy Field ◽  
Knowledge Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Future ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
The One

This chapter considers how paddy field knowledge is transmitted and how this has changed over recent decades in China, in order to better understand the problems that farmers face at the nexus of rice farming and rural-urban migration, and the options they can call on to deal with their situation. The chapter argues that there has been a complex reconfiguration of the repertoire of rice farming knowledge. On the one hand, this has created challenges for the future preservation of the paddy fields in the Chinese countryside, such as deskilling in the young migrant generation. On the other hand, it has provided peasants with an extended repertoire of knowledge they can use to handle their paddy field farming-migration predicament.

scholarly journals SOCIO- AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF RURAL - URBAN BALANCE IN IRAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1171-1177
Author(s):  
Dr. Mohammad Taghi Sheykhi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Urban Productivity

The article assesses how socio-agricultural development will sustain as a result of a balanced scale of rural-urban equality. However, increasing migration from rural to urban areas highly affects productivity and the infrastructure of the productivity in urban sectors. The process of modernization is highly responsible for the change, and a motivator for rural-urban migration not only in Iran, but in China, India and many other developing countries. The emerging scenario is contributing to increasing issues. The article concludes that rural and urban, or so to say, agriculture and industry benefit each other. The paper reaches the point that rural-urban balance optimistically leads to socio-economic development and sustainable growth. On the other hand, increasing and unbridled urbanization leads to declining raw materials needed for industrial development and urban productivity. The article reflects the merits, demerits and the challenges of the current transformation.

scholarly journals PATTERN OF MALE OUT-MIGRATION FROM RURAL ODISHA

2020 ◽  
pp. A 44-A 47
Author(s):  
Disha Das
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Urban Migration ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Economic Reason ◽  
Primary Survey ◽  
The Common ◽  
Rural Urban Migration ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Ganjam District

Male out-migration has become a way of life particularly among the rural households of Odisha. For decades now, the rural parts Odisha, have been witnessing huge exodus of male members to urban centres due to the lack of non-farm jobs and industrial underdevelopment. Out-migration is one of the common strategies used by men in rural areas to overcome the uncertainties associated with agriculture and also as a means to diversify their income. This paper attempts to study the pattern of male out-migration for economic reason from rural Odisha using data collected through a primary survey conducted in four villages of Ganjam district. KEYWORDS: Out-Migration, Socio-economic Characteristics, Odisha, Ganjam, Rural-Urban Migration

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