Violence and Defiance of Authority in Mughal India: A Study of the Shoe Sellers’ Riot of Shahjahanabad

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-177
Author(s):  
Najaf Haider
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Group Violence ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The City

In March 1729 ad, the city of Shahjahanabad (Mughal Delhi) was brought to a standstill following a conflict between shoe sellers and state officials. The conflict led to a violent showdown during the Friday congregational prayer in the central mosque of the city (Jami Masjid). The shoe sellers’ riot exposed fissures based on religion, class and politics and posed a challenge to the authority of the Mughal state during the twilight of the Empire. The article is a study of the riot and the riot narratives preserved in three unpublished contemporary works. Together with a discussion of the Ahmedabad riot of 1714 ad, the article examines the nature of conflicts involving civilian population in the cities of Mughal India in the early eighteenth century and the response of political and religious authorities. An important aspect of the incidents studied in the article is the role of religion in organizing group violence even when the cause of the conflict was not necessarily religious. Conversely, cross-community support arising from patronage, class and notions of pride and honour demonstrated that religion was one among many possible forms of identity in Mughal India.

scholarly journals Snapshot or Signpost? The Role of English in Tadhg Ó Neachtain’s Early Eighteenth-Century Manuscripts

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Liam Mac Mathúna ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
English Language ◽  
Language Change ◽  
Code Mixing ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Seán Ó Neachtain (c. 1640–1729) and his son Tadhg (c. 1671–c. 1752) were at the centre of an extensive circle of Gaelic scholars in the city of Dublin in the early part of the eighteenth century. Seán Ó Neachtain composed a broad range of creative literature. Although primarily written in Irish, his works include examples of Irish/English code-mixing as well as pieces composed entirely in English. His son, Tadhg Ó Neachtain, is credited with having written over 25 surviving manuscripts. He makes considerable use of English sources and of English itself in a number of these manuscripts, which are either pedagogical in nature, devoted to geography and history, or are characterised by frequent commonplace entries referring to contemporary events. This paper examines the interaction of the two languages in these manuscripts, exploring (1) the use of English language sources (textbooks and Dublin newspapers), (2) the content of the English portions of the manuscripts in question, and (3) the relationship of the English material to the Irish in the immediate compositional context. The paper seeks to assess whether the permeating bilingualism of these manuscripts is merely indicative of the contemporary socio-linguistic milieu in which the Ó Neachtains functioned, or can be regarded as harbinger of the subsequent community language change from Irish to English.

scholarly journals The Parthenon, Pericles and King Solomon: a case study of Ottoman archaeological imagination in Greece

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-274
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Key Fowden
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
History Of ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
The City

What made Athens different from other multi-layered cities absorbed into the Ottoman Empire was the strength of its ancient reputation for learning that echoed across the Arabic and Ottoman worlds. But not only sages were remembered and Islamized in Athens; sometimes political figures were too. In the early eighteenth century a mufti of Athens, Mahmud Efendi, wrote a rarely studiedHistory of the City of Sages (Tarih-i Medinetü’l-Hukema)in which he transformed Pericles into a wise leader on a par with the Qur'anic King Solomon and linked the Parthenon mosque to Solomon's temple in Jerusalem.

Religion in the City

Urban History ◽  
1978 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 7-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh McLeod
Keyword(s):  
Single Issue ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

Interpretation of the role of religion in the cities of Europe and America during the last one hundred and fifty years has been dominated by a single issue: the relationship between urbanization and secularization, which recent writings continue to amplify.

Centering the Chārbāgh

2013 ◽  
Vol 72 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan N. Johnson-Roehr
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
City Plan ◽  
The City ◽  
Jaipur City

In Centering the Chārbāgh: The Mughal Garden as Design Module for the Jaipur City Plan, Susan N. Johnson-Roehr argues that the privileging of a Hindu-Vedic worldview has had a significant effect on our understanding of Jaipur City’s history. Current interpretive approaches assume that the city’s patron, Sawai Jai Singh II, relied on the maṇḍala when shaping the city plan in the eighteenth century. The emphasis on the maṇḍala as governing device has encouraged historians to neglect other sources of Jaipur’s city plan. Specifically, scholars have not considered the role of the quadripartite Mughal paradise garden (chahār bāgh, Persian; chārbāgh, Hindi) in the planning of the city. Johnson-Roehr suggests that Jaipur’s spatial organization was defined by the chārbāgh rather than the navagraha or vāstu puruṣa maṇḍala, and demonstrates that the plan was a response to a specific chārbāgh, Jai Niwas Bagh, built by Sawai Jai Singh in 1713. Combining a rereading of eighteenth-century documents with an analysis of the physical characteristics of Jai Niwas Bagh, the author concludes that the chārbāgh was the most important element in the development of the rectilinear boulevards, bazaars, and walls that characterize Jaipur today.

The Role of Religion in the Cultural Structure of the Later Victorian City

1973 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 153-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. S. Kent
Keyword(s):  
Class Action ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Industrial Town ◽  
Single Form ◽  
Single Pattern ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The City ◽  
Cultural Structure

One obviously cannot make generalizations covering all the towns and cities of late nineteenth-century England. London was a case by itself; Liverpool a very different port from Bristol; an industrial town like Rochdale seems very remote from Dorchester. Nor is it possible to give a single brief definition of a city, though many have tried. ‘Just as there is no single form of the pre-industrial city,’ wrote R. E. Pahl, ‘urbanization as concentration of population does not lead to any single pattern of class action and conflict.’ Attempts to provide a definition of a city culminate in David Riesman's comment that the city is what we choose to make it for the purposes of analysis. One has to accept that Bristol, Dorchester, Rochdale and Liverpool were towns without exaggerating what they had in common.

scholarly journals Leibniz and Descartes

2019 ◽  
pp. 720-737
Author(s):  
Jean-Pascal Anfray
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Philosophy Of Mind ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Decisive Role ◽  
Intellectual Context ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Law ◽  
Final Causes

This chapter examines Leibniz’s complex relations to Descartes. These relations are deeply influenced by the evolution of the intellectual context from the beginning of the 1670s to the early eighteenth century. Beyond Leibniz’s overall appraisal of Descartes’s philosophy, there are three areas that stand out in which the discussion and criticism of Descartes’s ideas played a decisive role in the development of Leibniz’s thought: epistemology, natural philosophy, and philosophy of mind. There are three central issues at stake between the two philosophers: the nature and role of evidence, the use of final causes, and the Law of Continuity.

scholarly journals Writer by Trade: James Ralph’s Claims to Authorship

Authorship ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
William Thomas Mari
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Literary Culture ◽  
Occupational Group ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
Financial Pressures

To the enterprising journalists of early eighteenth-century Great Britain, the refined status of “author” remained elusive. Journalism itself was a nascent occupation formed in the processes of cultural legitimatization, commercialization, and politicization of authorship. In London, James Ralph, an American expatriate and political writer, emerged as a spokesman for journalism. In his Case of Authors by Profession or Trade, a short treatise published in 1758, Ralph argued that “professional” authors included journalists and other non-patroned writers. They deserved respect as an occupational group, and a special role in society. Ralph equated and extended the privileged notions of authorship and the role of the author — essentially, respectability and some limited independence from political and financial pressures — to his fellow journalists. His Case is worth revisiting because it shows how literary culture was being challenged in his era, extended and subverted as it was by his fellow journalists and their more transitory creations.

scholarly journals O espaço religioso, a geografia e a MPB: Uma proposta para o ensino médio

GEOgraphia ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Ribeiro de Campos
Keyword(s):  
Popular Music ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Role Of Religion ◽  
The City ◽  
Geographical Locations

O artigo discute o uso da música e sua função nas escolas, fazendo análises sobre o estudo da religião pela Geografia, sobre os espaços geográficos considerados sagrados e sobre as características e o papel da religião no Brasil, incluindo letras da Música Popular Brasileira (MPB ) para colaborar na discussão a respeito do tema. Discute também o sincretismo religioso e a cidade de Aparecida do Norte (SP). e cita letras de músicas que criticam o papel de instituições religiosas elou de membros de sua hierarquia. Além disso, coloca diversas letras de MPB que podem ser utilizadas em sala de aula de ensino fundamental e médio pois pretende, basicamente, proporcionar alternativas de ensino para quem ministra aulas de Geografia. Abstract  The article discusses the use of music and its role at school, analyzing the study of religion from Geography's point of view, the Geographical locations considered sacred and also the features and the role of religion in Brazil, enriching the analysis with lyrics of the Brazilian Popular Music (MPB). It discusses as well the reliiious syncretism and the city of Aparecida do Norte (SP), mentioning lyrics that criticize the role of the religious institutions andlor members of its hierarchy. Besides, it includes MPB lyrics that can be used at classroom at different school levels. Mainly, it intends to provide alternatives of teaching for Geography teachers.  

scholarly journals Honour, Masculinity and Corporality in the Officer Corps of Early Eighteenth-Century Sweden

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 32
Author(s):  
Ville Sarkamo
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Officer Corps ◽  
Military Life ◽  
Early Eighteenth Century ◽  
The Right

Military honour and physical commitment to serve king and fatherland played a central role in the ideals of the army of Charles XII of Sweden. These ideals were formed within a culture in which the role of the warrior, dictated by a code of honour, was constantly challenged. My main empirical primary sources consist of the archivale records of the Swedish Diet, which included Placement Committee records from the Diet of 1723. An honourable man had the right to a livelihood and a respectable position in society. My aim is to show that, in order to obtain such a position, a military man had to present himself as someone who had offered his body in the service of his king and country. An appeal to one’s merits in battle was the best way of defending a claim to a post, because bravery in combat was the most respected virtue in military life. Those officers who had clear proof of their bravery, especially in the form of combat wounds, were in the best position. In this sense, honour and the body were closely linked.

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