scholarly journals Targeting neuronal dysfunction in schizophrenia with nicotine: Evidence from neurophysiology to neuroimaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (7) ◽  
pp. 801-811 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jason Smucny ◽  
Jason R Tregellas
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Psychiatric Illness ◽  
Neuronal Dysfunction ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Nicotinic Agonists ◽  
Nicotinic Drugs ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Patients with schizophrenia self-administer nicotine at rates higher than is self-administered for any other psychiatric illness. Although the reasons are unclear, one hypothesis suggests that nicotine is a form of ‘self-medication’ in order to restore normal levels of nicotinic signaling and target abnormalities in neuronal function associated with cognitive processes. This brief review discusses evidence from neurophysiological and neuroimaging studies in schizophrenia patients that nicotinic agonists may effectively target dysfunctional neuronal circuits in the illness. Evidence suggests that nicotine significantly modulates a number of these circuits, although relatively few studies have used modern neuroimaging techniques (e.g. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)) to examine the effects of nicotinic drugs on disease-related neurobiology. The neuronal effects of nicotine and other nicotinic agonists in schizophrenia remain a priority for psychiatry research.

scholarly journals Preservation Effect: Cigarette Smoking Acts on the Dynamic of Influences Among Unifying Neuropsychiatric Triple Networks in Schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1242-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Liao ◽  
Yun-Shuang Fan ◽  
Siqi Yang ◽  
Jiao Li ◽  
Xujun Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Analysis Of Covariance ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Self Medication ◽  
Granger Causality Analysis ◽  
High Prevalence

Abstract Objective The high prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenia (SZ) is generally explained by the self-medication theory. However, its neurobiological mechanism remains unclear. The impaired dynamic of influences among unifying neuropsychiatric triple networks in SZ, including the central executive network (CEN), the default mode network (DMN), and the salience network (SN), might explain the nature of their syndromes, whereas smoking could regulate the dynamics within networks. Therefore, this study examined whether cigarette smoking could elicit a distinct improvement in the dynamics of triple networks in SZ and associated with the alleviation of symptoms. Methods Four groups were recruited, namely, SZ smoking (n = 22)/nonsmoking (n = 25), and healthy controls smoking (n = 22)/nonsmoking (n = 21). All participants underwent a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The dynamics among unifying neuropsychiatric triple networks were measured using Granger causality analysis on the resting-sate fMRI signal. Interaction effects between SZ and smoking on dynamics were detected using 2-way analysis of covariance, correcting for sex, age, and education level. Results Whereas smoking reduced SN→DMN dynamic in healthy controls, it preserved the dynamic in SZ, thus suggesting a preservation effect. Moreover, smoking additionally increased DMN→CEN dynamic in SZ. Conclusions This finding from neural pathways shed new insights into the prevailing self-medication hypothesis in SZ. More broadly, this study elaborates on the neurobiological dynamics that may assist in the treatment of the symptomatology of SZ.

scholarly journals Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human cognitive processes

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohisa Okada ◽  
Toshio Inui ◽  
Shigeki Tanaka ◽  
Sadahiko Nishizawa ◽  
Junji Konishi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging

scholarly journals A Multi-Domain Task Battery Reveals Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maedbh King ◽  
Carlos R. Hernandez-Castillo ◽  
Russell A. Poldrack ◽  
Richard B. Ivry ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Free Data ◽  
Human Cerebellum

AbstractThere is compelling evidence that the human cerebellum is engaged in a wide array of motor and cognitive tasks. A fundamental question centers on whether the cerebellum is organized into distinct functional sub-regions. To address this question, we employed a rich task battery, designed to tap into a broad range of cognitive processes. During four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions, participants performed a battery of 26 diverse tasks comprising 47 unique conditions. Using the data from this multi-domain task battery (MDTB), we derived a comprehensive functional parcellation of the cerebellar cortex and evaluated it by predicting functional boundaries in a novel set of tasks. The new parcellation successfully identified distinct functional sub-regions, providing significant improvements over existing parcellations derived from task-free data. Lobular boundaries, commonly used to summarize functional data, did not coincide with functional subdivisions. This multi-domain task approach offers novel insights into the functional heterogeneity of the cerebellar cortex.

scholarly journals Evidence of a Novel Somatopic Map in the Human Neocerebellum During Complex Actions

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 3330-3336 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Schlerf ◽  
T. D. Verstynen ◽  
R. B. Ivry ◽  
R. M. C. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Somatotopic Organization ◽  
Somatotopic Map ◽  
Cortical Association Areas ◽  
High Level ◽  
Memory Support ◽  
Motor Representations

The human neocerebellum has been hypothesized to contribute to many high-level cognitive processes including attention, language, and working memory. Support for these nonmotor hypotheses comes from evidence demonstrating structural and functional connectivity between the lateral cerebellum and cortical association areas as well as a lack of somatotopy in lobules VI and VII, a hallmark of motor representations in other areas of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. We set out to test whether somatotopy exists in these lobules by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure cerebellar activity while participants produced simple or complex movements, using either fingers or toes. We observed a previously undiscovered somatotopic organization in neocerebellar lobules VI and VIIA that was most prominent when participants executed complex movements. In contrast, activation in the anterior lobe showed a similar somatotopic organization for both simple and complex movements. While the anterior somatotopic representation responded selectively during ipsilateral movements, the new cerebellar map responded during both ipsi- and contralateral movements. The presence of a bilateral, task-dependent somatotopic map in the neocerebellum emphasizes an important role for this region in the control of skilled actions.

scholarly journals Understanding Neuroimaging

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (6) ◽  
pp. 670-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Jacobson Kimberley ◽  
Scott M Lewis
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Signal Source ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Basic Understanding ◽  
Cortical Imaging ◽  
Ubiquitous Presence ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Neuroimaging is an emergent method of investigation for studying the human brain in healthy and impaired populations. An increasing number of these investigations involve topics important to rehabilitation. Thus, a basic understanding of the more commonly used neuroimaging techniques is important for understanding and interpreting this growing area of research. Included in this article is a description of the signal source, the advantages and limitations of each technique, considerations for study design, and how to interpret cortical imaging data. Particular emphasis is placed on functional magnetic resonance imaging because of its ubiquitous presence in rehabilitation research.

CS02-01 - Imaging the serotonergic system

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1771-1771
Author(s):  
R. Lanzenberger ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Receptor Subtypes ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Clinical Prognosis ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Important Objective ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Biological markers are an important objective in psychiatric research. Molecular and functional neuroimaging techniques are promising tools to provide these biomarkers that may be used for early detection, indication of presence and severity of psychiatric disorders, prediction of treatment response and clinical prognosis. In this lecture, recent results from molecular imaging with positron emission tomography (PET) will be presented, including cerebral quantification of several major players in serotonergic neurotransmission, i.e. the serotonin transporter, the serotonin 1A, 2A, and 1B receptor subtypes, and the degrading enzyme MAOA. Differences between psychiatric disorders will be discussed. Furthermore, pharmacological effects on these targets and brain activation will be shown using PET and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).

scholarly journals A dataset to study pragmatic language, and its underlying cognitive processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalil Rasgado-Toledo ◽  
Fernando Lizcano-Cortés ◽  
Víctor Enrique Olalde-Mathieu ◽  
Giovanna Licea Haquet ◽  
Miguel Angel Zamora-Ursulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Psychometric Tests ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Social ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Pragmatics studies the social-cognitive basis of communication that is crucial to the understanding of the non-literal meaning of an expression and includes speech acts, metaphors, proverbs, idioms, and irony. This topic has been the main line research in our laboratory, whose principal objective is to understand how we use pragmatic language, non-literal communication. For this, we have designed behavioral paradigms that evaluate the sub-processes of pragmatic using neuroimaging techniques, i.e. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and psychometric tests from a behavioral approach.

scholarly journals Diagnostic Task Specific Activations in Functionoal Mri and Aberrant Connectivity of Insula with Middle Frontal Gyrus Can Inform the Differential Diagnosis of Psychosis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Drozdstoy Stoyanov ◽  
Katryn Aryutova ◽  
Sevdalina Kandilarova ◽  
Rositsa Paunova ◽  
Zlatoslav Arabadzhiev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cross Validation ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Simultaneous Acquisition ◽  
Connectivity Patterns ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Novel Design ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

We constructed a novel design integrating the administration of a clinical self-assessment scale with simultaneous acquisition of functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), aiming at cross-validation between psychopathology evaluation and neuroimaging techniques. We hypothesized that areas demonstrating differential activation in two groups of patients (paranoid and depressive) will have distinct connectivity patterns and structural differences.

scholarly journals If neuroimaging is the answer, what is the question?

1999 ◽  
Vol 354 (1387) ◽  
pp. 1283-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Kosslyn
Keyword(s):  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Entire System ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Coarse Scale ◽  
Use Patterns ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

It is unclear that we will come to a better understanding of mental processes simply by observing which neural loci are activated while subjects perform a task. Rather, I suggest here that it is better to come armed with a question that directs one to design tasks in ways that take advantage of the strengths of neuroimaging techniques (particularly positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging). Here I develop a taxonomy of types of questions that can be easily addressed by such techniques. The first class of questions focuses on how information processing is implemented in the brain; these questions can be posed at a very coarse scale, focusing on the entire system that confers a particular ability, or at increasingly more specific scales, ultimately focusing on individual structures or processes. The second class of questions focuses on specifying when particular processes and structures are invoked; these questions focus on how one can use patterns of activation to infer that specific processes and structures were invoked, and on how processing changes in different circumstances. The use of neuroimaging to address these questions is illustrated with results from experiments on visual cognition, and caveats regarding the logic of inference in each case are noted. Finally, the necessary interplay between neuroimaging and behavioural studies is stressed.

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