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Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Annamaria Guiotto ◽  
Alfredo Ciniglio ◽  
Fabiola Spolaor ◽  
Davide Pavan ◽  
Federica Cibin ◽  
...  

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) lesion represents one of the most dramatic sport injuries. Even though clinical screenings aiming at identifying subjects at risk of injuries are gaining popularity, the use of sophisticated equipment still represents a barrier towards their widespread use. This study aimed to test both reliability and repeatability of a new methodology to assess lower limb joints kinematics and kinetics directly on field with the aid of video cameras and plantar pressure insoles. Ten athletes and one case study (post ACL surgery) were assessed in a gait laboratory, while performing double leg squats, through the simultaneous acquisition of stereophotogrammetry, force plates, commercial video cameras and plantar pressure insoles. Different sources of errors were investigated and both reliability and repeatability analysis performed. Minimum and maximum RMSE values of 0.74% (right knee joint center trajectory) and 64.51%, respectively (ankle dorsi-plantarflexion moment), were detected. Excellent to good correlation was found for the majority of the measures, even though very poor and inverse between-trials correlation was found on a restricted number of trials especially for the ankle dorsi-plantarflexion moment. These findings could be used in combination with already available screening tools in order to provide more repeatable results.


Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 152
Author(s):  
Andrey Briko ◽  
Vladislava Kapravchuk ◽  
Alexander Kobelev ◽  
Ahmad Hammoud ◽  
Steffen Leonhardt ◽  
...  

Creating highly functional prosthetic, orthotic, and rehabilitation devices is a socially relevant scientific and engineering task. Currently, certain constraints hamper the development of such devices. The primary constraint is the lack of an intuitive and reliable control interface working between the organism and the actuator. The critical point in developing these devices and systems is determining the type and parameters of movements based on control signals recorded on an extremity. In the study, we investigate the simultaneous acquisition of electric impedance (EI), electromyography (EMG), and force myography (FMG) signals during basic wrist movements: grasping, flexion/extension, and rotation. For investigation, a laboratory instrumentation and software test setup were made for registering signals and collecting data. The analysis of the acquired signals revealed that the EI signals in conjunction with the analysis of EMG and FMG signals could potentially be highly informative in anthropomorphic control systems. The study results confirm that the comprehensive real-time analysis of EI, EMG, and FMG signals potentially allows implementing the method of anthropomorphic and proportional control with an acceptable delay.


Author(s):  
Nora-Josefin Breutigam ◽  
Matthias Günther ◽  
Daniel Christopher Hoinkiss ◽  
Klaus Eickel ◽  
Robert Frost ◽  
...  

Abstract Object In this work, we present a technique called simultaneous multi-contrast imaging (SMC) to acquire multiple contrasts within a single measurement. Simultaneous multi-slice imaging (SMS) shortens scan time by allowing the repetition time (TR) to be reduced for a given number of slices. SMC imaging preserves TR, while combining different scan types into a single acquisition. This technique offers new opportunities in clinical protocols where examination time is a critical factor and multiple image contrasts must be acquired. Materials and methods High-resolution, navigator-corrected, diffusion-weighted imaging was performed simultaneously with T2*-weighted acquisition at 3 T in a phantom and in five healthy subjects using an adapted readout-segmented EPI sequence (rs-EPI). Results The results demonstrated that simultaneous acquisition of two contrasts (here diffusion-weighted imaging and T2*-weighting) with SMC imaging is feasible with robust separation of contrasts and minimal effect on image quality. Discussion The simultaneous acquisition of multiple contrasts reduces the overall examination time and there is an inherent registration between contrasts. By using the results of this study to control saturation effects in SMC, the method enables rapid acquisition of distortion-matched and well-registered diffusion-weighted and T2*-weighted imaging, which could support rapid diagnosis and treatment of acute stroke.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Václav Římal ◽  
Morgane Callon ◽  
Alexander A. Malär ◽  
Riccardo Cadalbert ◽  
Anahit Torosyan ◽  
...  

Abstract. With the advent of faster magic-angle spinning (MAS) and higher magnetic fields, the resolution of biomolecular solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra has been continuously increasing. As a direct consequence, the always narrower spectral lines, especially in proton-detected spectroscopy, are also becoming more sensitive to temporal instabilities of the magnetic field in the sample volume. Field drifts in the order of tenths of ppm occur after probe insertion or temperature change, during cryogen refill, or are intrinsic to the superconducting high-field magnets, particularly in the months after charging. As an alternative to a field‒frequency lock based on deuterium solvent resonance rarely available for solid-state NMR, we present a strategy to compensate non-linear field drifts using simultaneous acquisition of a frequency reference (SAFR). It is based on the acquisition of an auxiliary 1D spectrum in each scan of the experiment. Typically, a small-flip-angle pulse is added at the beginning of the pulse sequence. Based on the frequency of the maximum of the solvent signal, the field evolu-tion in time is reconstructed and used to correct the raw data after acquisition, thereby acting in its principle as a digital lock system. The general applicability of our approach is demonstrated on 2D and 3D protein spectra during various situations with a non-linear field drift. SAFR with small-flip-angle pulses causes no significant loss in sensitivity or increase in exper-imental time in protein spectroscopy. The correction leads to the possibility of recording high-quality spectra in a typical biomolecular experiment even during non-linear field changes in the order of 0.1 ppm h−1 without the need for hardware solu-tions, such as stabilizing the temperature of the magnet bore. The improvement of linewidths and peak shapes turns out to be especially important for 1H-detected spectra under fast MAS, but the method is suitable for the detection of carbon or other nuclei as well.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth B Brown ◽  
Jaco Klok ◽  
Alex C Keene

Drosophila melanogaster is a leading genetic model for studying the neural regulation of sleep. Sleep is associated with changes in behavior and physiological state that are largely conserved across species. The investigation of sleep in flies has predominantly focused on behavioral readouts of sleep because physiological measurements, including changes in brain activity and metabolic rate are less accessible. We have previously used stop-flow indirect calorimetry to measure whole body metabolic rate in single flies and have shown that in flies, like mammals, metabolic rate is reduced during sleep. Here, we describe a modified version of this system that allows for efficient and highly sensitive acquisition of CO2 output from single flies. We also describe a modification that allows for simultaneous acquisition of CO2 and O2 levels, providing a respiratory quotient that quantifies how metabolic stores are utilized. Finally, we show that sleep-dependent changes in metabolic rate are diminished in aging flies, supporting the notion that sleep quality is reduced as flies age. Taken together, the use of indirect calorimetry provides a physiological measure of sleep with broad applications to genetic studies in flies.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiro Usukura ◽  
Akihiro Narita ◽  
Tomoharu Matsumoto ◽  
Eiji Usukura ◽  
Takeshi Sunaoshi ◽  
...  

AbstractThe scanning electron microscope (SEM) has been reassembled into a new type of cryo-electron microscope (cryo-TSEM) by installing a new cryo-transfer holder and anti-contamination trap, which allowed simultaneous acquisition of both transmission images (STEM images) and surface images (SEM images) in the frozen state. The ultimate temperatures of the holder and the trap reached − 190 °C and − 210 °C, respectively, by applying a liquid nitrogen slush. The STEM images at 30 kV were comparable to, or superior to, the images acquired with conventional transmission electron microscope (100 kV TEM) in contrast and sharpness. The unroofing method was used to observe membrane cytoskeletons instead of the frozen section and the FIB methods. Deep sublimation of ice surrounding unroofed cells by regulating temperature enabled to emerge intracellular fine structures in thick frozen cells. Hence, fine structures in the vicinity of the cell membrane such as the cytoskeleton, polyribosome chains and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) became visible. The ER was distributed as a wide, flat structure beneath the cell membrane, forming a large spatial network with tubular ER.


2021 ◽  
Vol 108 (Supplement_7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Eley ◽  
Neil Hawkes ◽  
Wyn Lewis

Abstract Background Endoscopy training requires simultaneous acquisition of practical skill and knowledge. Virtual reality Simulators, such as EndoSim (SurgicalScience), offer the opportunity to deconstruct a skill into fundamental components (1), to allow repetitive practice, and achievement of task-specific objectives. Trainees with the least endoscopy experience benefit most from early simulated training (2,3), supporting the introduction of a simulation curriculum into SPRINT: Structured PRogramme for INduction and Training, an existing initiative to improve endoscopy training delivery in Wales. (4) The aim of this study was to design a pilot simulator curriculum for the EndoSim (Surgical Science, Gothemberg) simulator. Methods A focus group completed all EndoSim modules. Each EndoSim exercise was cross-examined against the relevant DOPS tool “Direct Observation of Procedural Skill” used by the Joint Advisory Group for Endoscopy Training and Certification. Exercises were chosen that represented each DOPS domain to teach basic skills in endoscopy scope handling. Results 12 exercises were chosen. These exercises addressed the insertion and withdrawal, and visualisation components of the JAG DOPS tool. Pre-procedural skills, management of findings, post-procedural skills and endoscopic non-technical Skills (ENTS) are beyond the scope of this simulator and require additional taught sessions to provide the context for current simulation training. Discussion This is the first step in developing and refining appropriate exercises to inform the proposed curriculum. The next step will be validating the chosen exercises against expert benchmark performance.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitriona Douglas ◽  
Antoine Tremblay ◽  
Aaron J Newman

EEG hyperscanning refers to recording electroencephalographic (EEG) data from multiple participants simultaneously. Many hyperscanning experimental designs seek to mimic naturalistic behavior, relying on unpredictable participant-generated stimuli. The majority of this research has focused on neural oscillatory activity that is quantified over hundreds of milliseconds or more. This contrasts with traditional event-related potential (ERP) research in which analysis focuses on transient responses, often only tens of milliseconds in duration. Deriving ERPs requires precise time-locking between stimuli and EEG recordings, and thus typically relies on pre-set stimuli that are presented to participants by a system that controls stimulus timing and synchronization with an EEG system. EEG hyperscanning methods typically use separate EEG amplifiers for each participant, increasing cost and complexity — including challenges in synchronizing data between systems. Here, we describe a method that allows for simultaneous acquisition of EEG data from a pair of participants engaged in conversation, using a single EEG system with simultaneous audio data collection that is synchronized with the EEG recording. This allows for the post-hoc insertion of trigger codes so that it is possible to analyze ERPs time-locked to specific events. We further demonstrate methods for deriving ERPs elicited by another person’s spontaneous speech, using this setup.


Author(s):  
Fang Frank Yu ◽  
Susie Yi Huang ◽  
Ashwin Kumar ◽  
Thomas Witzel ◽  
Congyu Liao ◽  
...  

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