scholarly journals A Multi-Domain Task Battery Reveals Functional Boundaries in the Human Cerebellum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maedbh King ◽  
Carlos R. Hernandez-Castillo ◽  
Russell A. Poldrack ◽  
Richard B. Ivry ◽  
Jörn Diedrichsen
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Fundamental Question ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Free Data ◽  
Human Cerebellum

AbstractThere is compelling evidence that the human cerebellum is engaged in a wide array of motor and cognitive tasks. A fundamental question centers on whether the cerebellum is organized into distinct functional sub-regions. To address this question, we employed a rich task battery, designed to tap into a broad range of cognitive processes. During four functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions, participants performed a battery of 26 diverse tasks comprising 47 unique conditions. Using the data from this multi-domain task battery (MDTB), we derived a comprehensive functional parcellation of the cerebellar cortex and evaluated it by predicting functional boundaries in a novel set of tasks. The new parcellation successfully identified distinct functional sub-regions, providing significant improvements over existing parcellations derived from task-free data. Lobular boundaries, commonly used to summarize functional data, did not coincide with functional subdivisions. This multi-domain task approach offers novel insights into the functional heterogeneity of the cerebellar cortex.

scholarly journals Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human cognitive processes

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomohisa Okada ◽  
Toshio Inui ◽  
Shigeki Tanaka ◽  
Sadahiko Nishizawa ◽  
Junji Konishi
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging

scholarly journals Improved motion correction of submillimetre 7T fMRI time series with boundary-based registration (BBR)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei Huang ◽  
Johan D. Carlin ◽  
Richard N. Henson ◽  
Marta M. Correia
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Target Volume ◽  
Head Motion ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Difference

AbstractUltra-high field functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has allowed us to acquire images with submillimetre voxels. However, in order to interpret the data clearly, we need to accurately correct head motion and the resultant distortions. Here, we present a novel application of Boundary Based Registration (BBR) to realign functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) data and evaluate its effectiveness on a set of 7T submillimetre data, as well as millimetre 3T data for comparison. BBR utilizes the boundary information from high contrast present in structural data to drive registration of functional data to the structural data. In our application, we realign each functional volume individually to the structural data, effectively realigning them to each other. In addition, this realignment method removes the need for a secondary aligning of functional data to structural data for purposes such as laminar segmentation or registration to data from other scanners. We demonstrate that BBR realignment outperforms standard realignment methods across a variety of data analysis methods. Further analysis shows that this benefit is an inherent property of the BBR cost function and not due to the difference in target volume. Our results show that BBR realignment is able to accurately correct head motion in 7T data and can be utilized in preprocessing pipelines to improve the quality of 7T data.

scholarly journals Laminar Specific fMRI Reveals Directed Interactions in Distributed Networks During Language Processing

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sharoh ◽  
Tim van Mourik ◽  
Lauren J. Bains ◽  
Katrien Segaert ◽  
Kirsten Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Distributed Networks ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Noninvasive Technique ◽  
Whole Brain ◽  
Critical Regions

AbstractLaminar resolution, functional magnetic resonance imaging (lfMRI) is a noninvasive technique with the potential to distinguish top-down and bottom-up signal contributions on the basis of laminar specific interactions between distal regions. Hitherto, lfMRI could not be demonstrated for either whole-brain distributed networks or for complex cognitive tasks. We show that lfMRI can reveal whole-brain directed networks during word reading. We identify distinct, language critical regions based on their association with the top-down signal stream and establish lfMRI for the noninvasive assessment of directed connectivity during task performance.

scholarly journals Re-imagining fMRI for awake behaving infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C. T. Ellis ◽  
L. J. Skalaban ◽  
T. S. Yates ◽  
V. R. Bejjanki ◽  
N. I. Córdova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cognitive Neuroscience ◽  
Eye Gaze ◽  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Human Infants ◽  
Software Packages ◽  
Evoked Activity ◽  
Insight Into

Abstract Thousands of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have provided important insight into the human brain. However, only a handful of these studies tested infants while they were awake, because of the significant and unique methodological challenges involved. We report our efforts to address these challenges, with the goal of creating methods for awake infant fMRI that can reveal the inner workings of the developing, preverbal mind. We use these methods to collect and analyze two fMRI datasets obtained from infants during cognitive tasks, released publicly with this paper. In these datasets, we explore and evaluate data quantity and quality, task-evoked activity, and preprocessing decisions. We disseminate these methods by sharing two software packages that integrate infant-friendly cognitive tasks and eye-gaze monitoring with fMRI acquisition and analysis. These resources make fMRI a feasible and accessible technique for cognitive neuroscience in awake and behaving human infants.

scholarly journals Evidence of a Novel Somatopic Map in the Human Neocerebellum During Complex Actions

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (6) ◽  
pp. 3330-3336 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Schlerf ◽  
T. D. Verstynen ◽  
R. B. Ivry ◽  
R. M. C. Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Anterior Lobe ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Somatotopic Organization ◽  
Somatotopic Map ◽  
Cortical Association Areas ◽  
High Level ◽  
Memory Support ◽  
Motor Representations

The human neocerebellum has been hypothesized to contribute to many high-level cognitive processes including attention, language, and working memory. Support for these nonmotor hypotheses comes from evidence demonstrating structural and functional connectivity between the lateral cerebellum and cortical association areas as well as a lack of somatotopy in lobules VI and VII, a hallmark of motor representations in other areas of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. We set out to test whether somatotopy exists in these lobules by using functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure cerebellar activity while participants produced simple or complex movements, using either fingers or toes. We observed a previously undiscovered somatotopic organization in neocerebellar lobules VI and VIIA that was most prominent when participants executed complex movements. In contrast, activation in the anterior lobe showed a similar somatotopic organization for both simple and complex movements. While the anterior somatotopic representation responded selectively during ipsilateral movements, the new cerebellar map responded during both ipsi- and contralateral movements. The presence of a bilateral, task-dependent somatotopic map in the neocerebellum emphasizes an important role for this region in the control of skilled actions.

scholarly journals Electrical Nerve Stimulation Can Be Used as a Tool in fMRI Studies of Pain- and Tingling-Evoked Activations

2000 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen D Davis ◽  
Chun L Kwan ◽  
Adrian P Crawley ◽  
David J Mikulis
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
General Electric ◽  
Electrical Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Anterior Thalamus ◽  
Clinical Fmri ◽  
Posterior Insula

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESES: To determine whether transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) provides adequate, inexpensive and simple means to image innocuous and pain-related activations in the thalamus and cortex.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: High resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to obtain functional data sets on a 1.5T General Electric echospeed scanner (General Electric, Milwaukee) from six axial slices during interleaved periods of rest and TENS at either nonpainful tingling or painful intensities. The volume of brain imaged allowed inspection of stimulation-related activations in the thalamus, insula and second somatosensory cortex (S2).RESULTS: Tingling TENS activations were identified primarily in the contralateral posterolateral thalamus. Painful TENS activations were found in the contralateral posterolateral thalamus, medial and/or anterior thalamus. The insula and S2 were activated in four of the subjects with tingling TENS and in all subjects with painful TENS. Tingling TENS activations were located in the posterior insula, whereas pain-related activations were located in the anterior insula. Painful TENS activations found in S2 overlapped with tingling TENS activations.CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that TENS is a simple mode of stimulation that produces fairly consistent cortical activations, especially at painful levels, and thus may be useful in carefully designed and controlled clinical fMRI studies of pain and touch.

Human Cerebellum: Surface-Assisted Cortical Parcellation and Volumetry with Magnetic Resonance Imaging

2003 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 584-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikos Makris ◽  
Steven M. Hodge ◽  
Christian Haselgrove ◽  
David N. Kennedy ◽  
Anders Dale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Topographic Features ◽  
Cortical Parcellation ◽  
Human Cerebellum ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Human Cerebellar Cortex

We describe a system of surface-assisted parcellation (SAP) of the human cerebellar cortex derived from neural systems functional and behavioral anatomy. This system is based on MRI and preserves the unique morphologic and topographic features of the individual cerebellum. All major fissures of the cerebellum were identified and traced in the flattened representation of the cerebellar cortex using the program “Free Surfer.” Parcellation of the cerebellar cortex followed using the fissure information in conjunction with landmarks using the program “Cardviews” to create 64 gyral-based cerebellar parcellation units. Computer-assisted algorithms enable the execution of the cerebellar parcellation procedure as well as volumetric measurements and topographic localization. The SAP technique makes it possible to represent multimodal structural and functional imaging data on the flattened surface of the cerebellar cortex as illustrated in one functional MRI experiment.

Cerebellar Cortex

2017 ◽  
pp. 439-446
Author(s):  
Masao Ito
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cell ◽  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Functional Data ◽  
Functional Unit ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Relative Simplicity ◽  
Human Cerebellum

The microcircuit in the cerebellum is characterized by the relative simplicity, precision, and geometric beauty of its arrangement. Its structure is identical throughout the cerebellar cortex except for some regional differences. The cerebellar cortex has three layers (molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, and granular layer) and can be divided into more than 100 subareas by horizontal grooves and longitudinal bands. Each subarea can be further subdivided into a number of microzones (there could be 10,000 microzones in the human cerebellum). A microzone, in combination with a small portion of the interior olive, and in some regions, also with that of the parvocellular red nucleus, consists of a microcomplex, a functional unit of the cerebellum. Structural and functional data of neuronal elements and their connections in the cerebellar microcircuit have been. Theoretical models have been proposed to explain how the cerebellar microcircuit operates and generates unique functions.

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