scholarly journals A dataset to study pragmatic language, and its underlying cognitive processes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jalil Rasgado-Toledo ◽  
Fernando Lizcano-Cortés ◽  
Víctor Enrique Olalde-Mathieu ◽  
Giovanna Licea Haquet ◽  
Miguel Angel Zamora-Ursulo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Psychometric Tests ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Social ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Pragmatics studies the social-cognitive basis of communication that is crucial to the understanding of the non-literal meaning of an expression and includes speech acts, metaphors, proverbs, idioms, and irony. This topic has been the main line research in our laboratory, whose principal objective is to understand how we use pragmatic language, non-literal communication. For this, we have designed behavioral paradigms that evaluate the sub-processes of pragmatic using neuroimaging techniques, i.e. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and psychometric tests from a behavioral approach.

scholarly journals To sext or not to sext. The role of social-cognitive processes in the decision to engage in sexting

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1410-1429
Author(s):  
Claire Wilson ◽  
Tommy van Steen ◽  
Christabel Akinyode ◽  
Zara P. Brodie ◽  
Graham G. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Factors ◽  
Relationship Status ◽  
Injunctive Norm ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Insight Into

Technology has given rise to online behaviors such as sexting. It is important that we examine predictors of such behavior in order to understand who is more likely to sext and thus inform intervention aimed at sexting awareness. We used the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) to examine sexting beliefs and behavior. Participants (n = 418; 70.3% women) completed questionnaires assessing attitudes (instrumental and affective), subjective norms (injunctive and descriptive), control perceptions (self-efficacy and controllability) and intentions toward sexting. Specific sexting beliefs (fun/carefree beliefs, perceived risks and relational expectations) were also measured and sexting behavior reported. Relationship status, instrumental attitude, injunctive norm, descriptive norm and self-efficacy were associated with sexting intentions. Relationship status, intentions and self-efficacy related to sexting behavior. Results provide insight into the social-cognitive factors related to individuals’ sexting behavior and bring us closer to understanding what beliefs predict the behavior.

Initial Impressions of Others

2012 ◽  
pp. 336-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
James S. Uleman ◽  
S. Adil Saribay
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Impression Formation ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Controlled Attention ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Cognitive Processes ◽  
The Many ◽  
And Control ◽  
Initial Impressions

“Initial impressions” bring together personality and social psychology like no other field of study—“personality” because (1) impressions are about personalities, and (2) perceivers’ personalities affect these impressions; and “social” because (3) social cognitive processes of impression formation, and (4) sociocultural contexts have major effects on impressions. To make these points, we first review how people explicitly describe others: the terms we use, how these descriptions reveal our theories about others, the important roles of traits and types (including stereotypes) in these descriptions, and other prominent frameworks (e.g., narratives and social roles). Then we highlight recent research on the social cognitive processes underlying these descriptions: automatic and controlled attention, the many effects of primes (semantic and affective) and their dependence on contexts, the acquisition of valence, spontaneous inferences about others, and the interplay of automatic and control processes. Third, we examine how accurate initial impressions are, and what accuracy means, as well as deception and motivated biases and distortions. Fourth, we review recent research on effects of target features, perceiver features, and relations between targets and perceivers. Finally, we look at frameworks for understanding explanations, as distinct from descriptions: attribution theory, theory of mind, and simulation theory.

Mainstreaming and Labelling: An Assumption Challenged?

1988 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narelle McDonald ◽  
Alan Hayes
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Spina Bifida ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Limited Attention ◽  
Prospective Data ◽  
School Year ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Times

ABSTRACTA key assumption of the mainstreaming movement is that exposure of young children to their disabled peers provides opportunities for the formation of accurate views of the characteristics and attributes of children with disabilities. Essentially, it is argued that experience enables children to transcend labelling, stereotyping and stigmatization. Prospective data are reported on the mainstreaming of two preschool aged children with spina bifida, based on the content analysis of records of speech, collected over a school year, on 22% of the times when children had opportunities to interact socially. The data indicate that the children seemed to generate their own labels, disability terms and developmental mythologies, which endured across the year. The study highlights the limited attention that has been paid to the collection of data on the social-cognitive processes of children and their disabled peers in mainstreamed settings and emphasizes the scant consideration of evidence from psychology in the mainstreaming debate.

Neuroimaging Techniques and Their Application in the Spinal Cord

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 211-214
Author(s):  
Yong Hu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Functional Information ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Spinal Disorders ◽  
Human Spinal Cord ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Conventional Mri ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Non-invasive neuroimaging plays a crucial role in the assessment of the human spinal cord, but it is quite challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important modality to obtain both high-resolution anatomical and functional information concerning the spinal cord. Besides conventional MRI, advanced MRI techniques could provide novel information about the microstructure and neural function of the spinal cord, thereby enhancing the understanding of spinal cord neurology and pathology of various spinal disorders.

Person, Process, Choice: The Psychology of New Venture Creation

1992 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly G. Shaver ◽  
Linda R. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Past Research ◽  
New Venture ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Venture Creation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Behavioral Choices ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Mind

Psychology can be distinguished from other behavioral sciences by its emphasis on the behavior of the individual person. Behavior, in turn, is influenced by the way in which the external world is represented in the mind, and by the individual's exercise of choice. The article examines the possibility that relatively enduring attributes of the person might affect entrepreneurial activity, describes the social cognitive processes Involved in constructing representations of the external environment, and suggests which motivational variables affect behavioral choices. Although past research on “the psychology of the entrepreneur” has not been productive, a psychological approach based on persons, process, and choice holds promise for the future.

scholarly journals Pragmatics of Ostensible Invitations in Iraqi Arabic: Function Analysis

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 132
Author(s):  
Basim Jubair Kadhim ◽  
Fareed Hameed Al-Hindawi
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Social Norms ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Pragmatic Language ◽  
Arabic Speakers ◽  
The Social

This paper deals with the pragmatic functions of ostensible invitations as used by Iraqi Arabic speakers. Iraqi society is known of the traditions in which pragmatic language is highly considered that Iraqi Arabic speakers use speech acts in order to pay compliments among each other. The issuance of various ostensible speech acts is to convey other purposes than those conveyed by the genuine ones. It is believed that it is vital to dig deep in the functions of the speech act of invitation as this speech act is mostly used by the Iraqi Arabic speakers in an ostensible manner. So, depending on a test formulated and administered to Iraqi Arabic speakers represented by college students, data have been collected and analyzed to show the strategies and functions used peculiarly by Iraqi Arabic speakers in addition to those stipulated by Clark and Isaac whose model is adapted in the analysis. In terms of the strategies used in addition to the seven ones mentioned in the model, new ones emerged and are believed to be peculiar to the Iraqi  Arabic speakers, for they are strongly related to the social norms of the Iraqi society. On the level of pragmatic functions, Iraqi Arabic speakers tend to use ostensible speech act of invitation for various purposes; chief among them are compliment, polite strategy, mitigation devices and others.

scholarly journals Assessment of Major Depressive Disorders through Neuroimaging Studies and their Treatment Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 18-28
Author(s):  
Jevetha Vijayadasan ◽  
Diksha Raghunathan ◽  
Sivakumar Rajagopal ◽  
Rahul Soangra
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Emission Tomography ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Major Depressive Disorders ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

Many mental disorders are caused due to improper regulation of the brain and depression is one such. It affects both children and adults and is very common among teenagers. There are many challenges clinicians face regarding the management of this disease. These challenges have prompted the development of various neuroimaging techniques that effectively diagnose the condition. The main techniques are Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Positron emission tomography (PET) which have gained momentum over the years. Advanced MRI techniques help study certain regions of the brain such as hippocampus and amygdala. Effective treatments for depression include antidepressant medications and brain stimulation techniques. Although treatments are effective for a lot of people, there is still room for improvement. This article (1) presents background on depression, its types, symptoms and risk factors; (2) elaborates the neuroimaging techniques used and reviews the various techniques adopted over the years to study depression; and (3) discusses the treatment methods that can be practised to cure depression.

Race, brain size, and IQ: The case for consilience

2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 648-649
Author(s):  
J. Philippe Rushton
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Social And Behavioral Sciences ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Behavioral Sciences ◽  
The Social ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Data from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), autopsy, endocranial measurements, and other techniques show that: (1) brain size correlates 0.40 with cognitive ability; (2) average brain size varies by race; and (3) average cognitive ability varies by race. These results are as replicable as one will find in the social and behavioral sciences. They pose serious problems for Rose's claim that reductionistic science is inadequate, inefficient, and/or unproductive.

scholarly journals Estimating Resting HRV during fMRI: A Comparison between Laboratory and Scanner Environment

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (22) ◽  
pp. 7663
Author(s):  
Andy Schumann ◽  
Stefanie Suttkus ◽  
Karl-Jürgen Bär
Keyword(s):  
Functional Mri ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Intra Class Correlation ◽  
Mri Environment ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
High Consistency ◽  
Electrocardiogram Ecg ◽  
Familiarization Session

Heart rate variability (HRV) is regularly assessed in neuroimaging studies as an indicator of autonomic, emotional or cognitive processes. In this study, we investigated the influence of a loud and cramped environment during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on resting HRV measures. We compared recordings during functional MRI sessions with recordings in our autonomic laboratory (LAB) in 101 healthy subjects. In the LAB, we recorded an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a photoplethysmogram (PPG) over 15 min. During resting state functional MRI, we acquired a PPG for 15 min. We assessed anxiety levels before the scanning in each subject. In 27 participants, we performed follow-up sessions to investigate a possible effect of habituation. We found a high intra-class correlation ranging between 0.775 and 0.996, indicating high consistency across conditions. We observed no systematic influence of the MRI environment on any HRV index when PPG signals were analyzed. However, SDNN and RMSSD were significantly higher when extracted from the PPG compared to the ECG. Although we found a significant correlation of anxiety and the decrease in HRV from LAB to MRI, a familiarization session did not change the HRV outcome. Our results suggest that psychological factors are less influential on the HRV outcome during MRI than the methodological choice of the cardiac signal to analyze.

scholarly journals The Role Of Neuro-Imaging Techniques In Prediction Of Stroke

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 549
Author(s):  
R. Maharishi ◽  
Maya Rathnasabapathy
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Neuropsychological Functions ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Neuro Imaging ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

At present there are many techniques and methods are used to measuring brain injuries or functions of the brain in the modern medicine scenario. A critical goal of this research study is that the stroke has classified the location and volume of the lesion for treatment. In the stroke assessment most commonly used brain imaging techniques are administered to evaluate the position of pathology and its functions. Any types of stroke it may be it will be assessed based on the Neuro-imaging methods like Computerized Tomography (CT scan), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI scan), Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Electroencephalography (EEG), Tissue Plasminogen Activator (Tpa), Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS).  These neuroimaging techniques are excellent technical development to the current state wherein these methods provide physiological information highly relevant to the stroke patient. And also the study is exploring how the neuroimaging techniques are making a significant impact on the neuropsychological functions of stroke patients. 

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