Chronic Use of Triazolam: The Effects on the Sleep Patterns of Insomniacs

1980 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 224-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon Pegram ◽  
Pam Hyde ◽  
Patrick Linton
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Total Recovery ◽  
Positive Direction ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Chronic Use

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of triazolam 0.5 mg on the sleep of insomniac patients when given for 3 weeks. The results showed that both acute and chronic triazolam administration are effective in decreasing sleep latency, increasing sleep duration, increasing sleep efficiency and decreasing total wake time without producing major effects on sleep staging. Sleep Stages 1 and 2 were significantly altered by drug treatment but in a positive direction. This change is primarily attributable to the significant decrease in sleep onset. Deep sleep and REM were not significantly changed during triazolam treatment nor was there any evidence of REM rebound after discontinuation of the medication. It was noted that some of the sleep parameters measured shifted toward baseline measures in the first night after triazolam treatment was terminated. However, the total recovery period recorded (7 days) showed the quality and quantity of sleep obtained to be improved over baseline measures. The recovery data compared favourably with those improvements noted during chronic administration of triazolam. It was also found that 3 weeks of triazolam 0.5 mg usage did not result in tolerance to its hypnotic properties. Thus, triazolam maintains its hypnotic effectiveness throughout 3 weeks of administration.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Wristband Fitbit Models in Assessing Sleep: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahab Haghayegh ◽  
Sepideh Khoshnevis ◽  
Michael H Smolensky ◽  
Kenneth R Diller ◽  
Richard J Castriotta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Sleep Staging ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sleep Parameters

BACKGROUND Wearable sleep monitors are of high interest to consumers and researchers because of their ability to provide estimation of sleep patterns in free-living conditions in a cost-efficient way. OBJECTIVE We conducted a systematic review of publications reporting on the performance of wristband <italic>Fitbit</italic> models in assessing sleep parameters and stages. METHODS In adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, we comprehensively searched the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases using the keyword <italic>Fitbit</italic> to identify relevant publications meeting predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. RESULTS The search yielded 3085 candidate articles. After eliminating duplicates and in compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles qualified for systematic review, with 8 providing quantitative data for meta-analysis. In reference to polysomnography (PSG), nonsleep-staging <italic>Fitbit</italic> models tended to overestimate total sleep time (TST; range from approximately 7 to 67 mins; effect size=-0.51, <italic>P</italic>&lt;.001; heterogenicity: I<sup>2</sup>=8.8%, <italic>P</italic>=.36) and sleep efficiency (SE; range from approximately 2% to 15%; effect size=-0.74, <italic>P</italic>&lt;.001; heterogenicity: I<sup>2</sup>=24.0%, <italic>P</italic>=.25), and underestimate wake after sleep onset (WASO; range from approximately 6 to 44 mins; effect size=0.60, <italic>P</italic>&lt;.001; heterogenicity: I<sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=.92) and there was no significant difference in sleep onset latency (SOL; <italic>P</italic>=.37; heterogenicity: I<sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=.92). In reference to PSG, nonsleep-staging <italic>Fitbit</italic> models correctly identified sleep epochs with accuracy values between 0.81 and 0.91, sensitivity values between 0.87 and 0.99, and specificity values between 0.10 and 0.52. Recent-generation <italic>Fitbit</italic> models that collectively utilize heart rate variability and body movement to assess sleep stages performed better than early-generation nonsleep-staging ones that utilize only body movement. Sleep-staging <italic>Fitbit</italic> models, in comparison to PSG, showed no significant difference in measured values of WASO (<italic>P</italic>=.25; heterogenicity: I<sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=.92), TST (<italic>P</italic>=.29; heterogenicity: I<sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=.98), and SE (<italic>P</italic>=.19) but they underestimated SOL (<italic>P</italic>=.03; heterogenicity: I<sup>2</sup>=0%, <italic>P</italic>=.66). Sleep-staging <italic>Fitbit</italic> models showed higher sensitivity (0.95-0.96) and specificity (0.58-0.69) values in detecting sleep epochs than nonsleep-staging models and those reported in the literature for regular wrist actigraphy. CONCLUSIONS Sleep-staging <italic>Fitbit</italic> models showed promising performance, especially in differentiating wake from sleep. However, although these models are a convenient and economical means for consumers to obtain gross estimates of sleep parameters and time spent in sleep stages, they are of limited specificity and are not a substitute for PSG.

scholarly journals 0492 Sleep and Hyperarousal: Inability to Discontinue Chronic Hypnotic Use

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A188-A189
Author(s):  
T Roehrs ◽  
G Koshorek ◽  
J Verkler ◽  
T Roth
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Study Medication ◽  
Nocturnal Sleep ◽  
Urinary Cortisol ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Dsm V ◽  
Choice Period ◽  
Trial Participants

Abstract Introduction Inability to discontinue chronic hypnotic use by people with insomnia remains a clinical concern. Sleep and hyperarousal was examined in an on-going “blinded” clinical trial in which people with insomnia are instructed to discontinue their study medication after 6 months of nightly use. Methods DSM-V diagnosed people with insomnia (n=31, 26 females), aged 23-61 yrs, with a polysomnographic sleep efficiency (SE) of ≤85% on a 8-hr polysomnogram, no other sleep disorders, unstable medical or psychiatric diseases or drug dependency have completed the clinical trial. Participants were randomized to zolpidem XR (12.5 mg), eszopiclone (3 mg) or placebo nightly for 6 months (blinded groups A: n=11, B: n=9, C: n=11). After 6 months, over a 2-week choice period, they were given the instruction to discontinue their nightly hypnotic use with an opportunity, if necessary, to self-administer either 1, 2, or 3 capsules of their assigned medication (zolpidem XR 6.25 mg as capsule 1, 6.25 mg as capsule 2, placebo as capsule 3; eszopiclone 2 mg, 1 mg, and placebo as capsules 1, 2 and 3 respectively; or 3 placebos. Results Fifteen subjects stopped taking study medication when told to discontinue. The other 16 subjects who took study medication (users) had longer MSLT (a measure of hyperarousal) sleep latency (16.2 vs 8.3 min) than non-users (p&lt;.001) at baseline. At baseline users and non-users had similarly disturbed nocturnal sleep: SE 73.4 vs 73.9 %, with sleep latencies of 54 vs 40 min and wake time after sleep onset of 90 vs 104 min. Conclusion Hyperarousal, defined by MSLT and high diurnal urinary cortisol levels, has been found in some people with insomnia. High MSLTs were previously associated with dose escalation in a chronic zolpidem use study. These emerging data would suggest high MSLT may also be predictive of difficulty discontinuing hypnotic use. Support NIDA, grant#: R01DA038177 awarded to Dr. Roehrs

358 Daridorexant Improves Sleep in Patients with Mild/Moderate Obstructive Sleep Apnea

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A143-A143
Author(s):  
Marie-Laure Boof ◽  
Ingo Fietze ◽  
Katharina Lederer ◽  
Anne-Sophie Guern ◽  
Vincent Lemoine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Apnea Hypopnea Index ◽  
Treatment Difference ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Sleep Parameters

Abstract Introduction Daridorexant is a dual orexin receptor antagonist developed for the treatment of insomnia. The effect of the highest phase-3 dose of 50 mg daridorexant on nighttime respiratory function was evaluated in patients with mild/moderate obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study showed that repeated doses of daridorexant had no clinically meaningful effect on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) or on peripheral oxygen saturation. In the same study, the effect on objective sleep parameters was also explored by polysomnography (PSG). Methods In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, two-period, crossover study, daridorexant or placebo was administered in each period once daily for 5 consecutive nights to 28 patients. Treatment difference (daridorexant – placebo) for total sleep time (TST), latency to persistent sleep (LPS), and wake after sleep onset (WASO) was analyzed for Night 5 using linear mixed-effects modeling. In addition, sleep was further explored based on sleep duration during each hour of PSG recording, duration of the different sleep phases (rapid eye movement [REM], non-REM [including N1 to N3 sleep stages]), as well as number and mean/longest duration of awakenings. Results Of 28 patients enrolled, 25 completed the study and were included in the analysis (n=15/10 with mild/moderate OSA; mean [standard deviation] AHI: 16.3 [8.2] events/h). One patient had mild insomnia symptoms at baseline. Compared to placebo, daridorexant prolonged mean TST by 38.8 min (90% confidence interval: 19.7–57.9), shortened mean LPS by 17.2 min (-35.5–1.02), and reduced mean WASO by 31.0 min (-47.3 to 14.7). Sleep architecture was maintained as no treatment differences in the duration of the evaluated sleep stages were observed when normalized to TST. Sleep duration was prolonged in the second part of the night. mean and longest duration of awakenings were decreased by a mean (90% CI) of 2.0 min (-3.1 to 0.9) and 16.3 min (-24.1 to -8.6), respectively, without treatment difference for the total number of awakenings. Conclusion Daridorexant improved objective sleep parameters in patients with mild to moderate OSA without modifying sleep architecture. Support (if any) Funded by Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd.

scholarly journals Seasonal Sleep Variations and Their Association With Meteorological Factors: A Japanese Population Study Using Large-Scale Body Acceleration Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Toru Nakamura ◽  
Junichiro Hayano ◽  
Yoshiharu Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Quality ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Japanese Population ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Meteorological Factors ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Sleep Parameters

Seasonal changes in meteorological factors [e.g., ambient temperature (Ta), humidity, and sunlight] could significantly influence a person's sleep, possibly resulting in the seasonality of sleep properties (timing and quality). However, population-based studies on sleep seasonality or its association with meteorological factors remain limited, especially those using objective sleep data. Japan has clear seasonality with distinctive changes in meteorological variables among seasons, thereby suitable for examining sleep seasonality and the effects of meteorological factors. This study aimed to investigate seasonal variations in sleep properties in a Japanese population (68,604 individuals) and further identify meteorological factors contributing to sleep seasonality. Here we used large-scale objective sleep data estimated from body accelerations by machine learning. Sleep parameters such as total sleep time, sleep latency, sleep efficiency, and wake time after sleep onset demonstrated significant seasonal variations, showing that sleep quality in summer was worse than that in other seasons. While bedtime did not show clear seasonality, get-up time varied seasonally, with a nadir during summer, and positively correlated with the sunrise time. Estimated by the abovementioned sleep parameters, Ta had a practically meaningful association with sleep quality, indicating that sleep quality worsened with the increase of Ta. This association would partly explain seasonal variations in sleep quality among seasons. In conclusion, Ta had a principal role for seasonality in sleep quality, and the sunrise time chiefly determined the get-up time.

scholarly journals Sleep Parameters in Short Daily versus Conventional Dialysis: An Actigraphic Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ludimila D’Avila e Silva Allemand ◽  
Otávio Toledo Nóbrega ◽  
Juliane Pena Lauar ◽  
Joel Paulo Russomano Veiga ◽  
Einstein Francisco Camargos
Keyword(s):  
Total Sleep Time ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Daily Dialysis ◽  
Sleep Parameters

Previous studies have observed worse sleep quality in patients undergoing conventional dialysis as compared to daily dialysis. Our aim was to compare the sleep parameters of patients undergoing daily or conventional dialysis using an objective measure (actigraphy). This cross-sectional study was performed in three dialysis centers, including a convenience sample (nonprobability sampling) of 73 patients (36 patients on daily hemodialysis and 37 patients on conventional hemodialysis). The following parameters were evaluated: nocturnal total sleep time (NTST), expressed in minutes; wake time after sleep onset (WASO), expressed in minutes; number of nighttime awakenings; daytime total sleep time (DTST), expressed in minutes; number of daytime naps; and nighttime percentage of sleep (% sleep). The Mini-Mental State Examination and the Beck Depression Inventory were also administered. The mean age was 53.4  ±  17.0 years. After adjustment of confounding factors using multiple linear regression analysis, no difference in actigraphy parameters was detected between the groups: NTST (p=0.468), WASO (p=0.88), % sleep (p=0.754), awakenings (p=0.648), naps (p=0.414), and DTST (p=0.805). Different from previous studies employing qualitative analysis, the present assessment did not observe an influence of hemodialysis modality on objective sleep parameters in chronic renal patients.

scholarly journals Disturbed nighttime sleep in children and adults with rhythmic movement disorder

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Laganière ◽  
Marie-Hélène Pennestri ◽  
Anna Laura Rassu ◽  
Lucie Barateau ◽  
Sofiène Chenini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Architecture ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Periodic Leg Movements ◽  
Wake Time ◽  
Respiratory Events ◽  
Nighttime Sleep ◽  
Control Study ◽  
Polysomnographic Recording

Abstract Study Objectives Rhythmic movements (RMs) during sleep are frequent and often considered as benign in children. Disabling forms are diagnosed as RM disorder and may persist in adulthood. Whether RMs severely impact sleep architecture in patients with RM disorder remain unclear. We performed a case–control study to characterize the clinical and polysomnographic patterns of children and adults with a diagnosis of RM disorder in comparison to controls, and to assess the associations between the RMs and the sleep architecture. Methods All consecutive patients (n = 50; 27 children, 35 males) with RM disorder from a single sleep clinic (from 2006 to 2019) underwent a comprehensive clinical evaluation and a polysomnographic recording in comparison to 75 controls (42 children and 53 males). Results About 82% of children and adult patients had a complaint of disturbed nighttime sleep. Comorbid neurodevelopmental, affective or sleep disorders were found in 92% of patients. While RM sequences defined by video polysomnographic criteria were observed in 82% of patients (in wakefulness and in all sleep stages), no similar sequences were observed in controls. Patients had altered sleep continuity, with low sleep efficiency, increased wake time after sleep onset, and frequent periodic leg movements and apnea events. The severity of RMs was associated with disrupted nighttime sleep, even after controlling for comorbid motor and respiratory events. Conclusions RM disorder is a rare, highly comorbid and disabling condition both in children and adults with frequent disturbed nighttime sleep that may contribute to the burden of the disease.

scholarly journals Decreased Nocturnal Awakenings in Young Adults Performing Bikram Yoga: A Low-Constraint Home Sleep Monitoring Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ravi S. Kudesia ◽  
Matt T. Bianchi
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Transition Probability ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Monitoring ◽  
Work Transition ◽  
Monitoring Study ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Low Constraint ◽  
The Impact

This pilot study evaluated the impact of Bikram Yoga on subjective and objective sleep parameters. We compared subjective (diary) and objective (headband sleep monitor) sleep measures on yoga versus nonyoga days during a 14-day period. Subjects () were not constrained regarding yoga-practice days, other exercise, caffeine, alcohol, or naps. These activities did not segregate by choice of yoga days. Standard sleep metrics were unaffected by yoga, including sleep latency, total sleep time, and percentage of time spent in rapid eye movement (REM), light non-REM, deep non-REM, or wake after sleep onset (WASO). Consistent with prior work, transition probability analysis was a more sensitive index of sleep architecture changes than standard metrics. Specifically, Bikram Yoga was associated with significantly faster return to sleep after nocturnal awakenings. We conclude that objective home sleep monitoring is feasible in a low-constraint, real-world study design. Further studies on patients with insomnia will determine whether the results generalize or not.

scholarly journals Accuracy of Wristband Fitbit Models in Assessing Sleep: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

10.2196/16273 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. e16273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahab Haghayegh ◽  
Sepideh Khoshnevis ◽  
Michael H Smolensky ◽  
Kenneth R Diller ◽  
Richard J Castriotta
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Sleep Staging ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sleep Parameters

Background Wearable sleep monitors are of high interest to consumers and researchers because of their ability to provide estimation of sleep patterns in free-living conditions in a cost-efficient way. Objective We conducted a systematic review of publications reporting on the performance of wristband Fitbit models in assessing sleep parameters and stages. Methods In adherence with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, we comprehensively searched the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane, Embase, MEDLINE, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases using the keyword Fitbit to identify relevant publications meeting predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results The search yielded 3085 candidate articles. After eliminating duplicates and in compliance with inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles qualified for systematic review, with 8 providing quantitative data for meta-analysis. In reference to polysomnography (PSG), nonsleep-staging Fitbit models tended to overestimate total sleep time (TST; range from approximately 7 to 67 mins; effect size=-0.51, P<.001; heterogenicity: I2=8.8%, P=.36) and sleep efficiency (SE; range from approximately 2% to 15%; effect size=-0.74, P<.001; heterogenicity: I2=24.0%, P=.25), and underestimate wake after sleep onset (WASO; range from approximately 6 to 44 mins; effect size=0.60, P<.001; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.92) and there was no significant difference in sleep onset latency (SOL; P=.37; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.92). In reference to PSG, nonsleep-staging Fitbit models correctly identified sleep epochs with accuracy values between 0.81 and 0.91, sensitivity values between 0.87 and 0.99, and specificity values between 0.10 and 0.52. Recent-generation Fitbit models that collectively utilize heart rate variability and body movement to assess sleep stages performed better than early-generation nonsleep-staging ones that utilize only body movement. Sleep-staging Fitbit models, in comparison to PSG, showed no significant difference in measured values of WASO (P=.25; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.92), TST (P=.29; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.98), and SE (P=.19) but they underestimated SOL (P=.03; heterogenicity: I2=0%, P=.66). Sleep-staging Fitbit models showed higher sensitivity (0.95-0.96) and specificity (0.58-0.69) values in detecting sleep epochs than nonsleep-staging models and those reported in the literature for regular wrist actigraphy. Conclusions Sleep-staging Fitbit models showed promising performance, especially in differentiating wake from sleep. However, although these models are a convenient and economical means for consumers to obtain gross estimates of sleep parameters and time spent in sleep stages, they are of limited specificity and are not a substitute for PSG.

scholarly journals P121 Comparison of Actigraphy versus PSG and Perception of Sleep in Patients with Excessive Daytime Sleepiness

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A60-A61
Author(s):  
T Roebuck ◽  
E McDermott ◽  
R Cuesta ◽  
R Nguy ◽  
M Spiteri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Latency ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Sleep Onset Latency ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Activity Data ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Perception Of Sleep

Abstract Actigraphy is used as a validated measure of rest and sleep, however, there are reported differences in WASO in healthy individuals (Chinoy, 2021). Methods This study compares the sleep parameters from PSG with simultaneous overnight actigraphy on patients the night prior to MSLT. We also compare the actigraphy data collected on the week prior to the PSG with the patient’s sleep diary. 22 subjects, age 38.7 ± 3.1 years, BMI 23.5 ± 1.4 kg/m2, 40.1% male, 4 participants were treated with CPAP. Results WASO was found to be under estimated by actigraphy versus PSG (y=-0.957x+18.014, R2=0.51), there is an increase in underestimation beyond 18minutes. Our data also show on overestimation of sleep onset latency by actigraphy versus PSG when sleep latency is longer than 12 minutes (y=0.27x-12.04, R2=0.08). Total sleep time was perceived to be longer on the PSG night than the PSG data shows (y=0.68x-4.65, R2=0.21). Data demonstrated participants to overestimate their sleep period in their sleep diary compared to the actigraphy data (y=-0.87x+6.58, R2=0.21). T-tests showed a significant difference between WASO (minutes) detected by PSG and the actigraphy data (67.4 ± 8.9 vs 33.3 ± 3.9 p=0.0007). There were no other significant differences in the datasets. Conclusion Actigraphy uses activity data and light detection to estimate rest and sleep periods in wearers. Our data reflects expected differences reported in the literature of actigraphy data versus PSG due to the limitation of actigraphy being able to differentiate between sleep and motionless wakefulness.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid Replacement Is Permissive for Rapid Eye Movement Sleep and Sleep Consolidation in Patients with Adrenal Insufficiency1

2000 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 4201-4206
Author(s):  
Diego GarcÍa-Borreguero ◽  
Thomas A. Wehr ◽  
Oscar Larrosa ◽  
Juan J. Granizo ◽  
Donna Hardwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Sleep Time ◽  
Sleep Stages ◽  
Sleep Regulation ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Rem Latency ◽  
Sleep Parameters ◽  
Sleep Consolidation ◽  
Permissive Role

There is a well described temporal relation between hormonal secretion and sleep phase, with hormones of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis possibly playing a role in determining entry into and duration of different sleep stages. In this study sleep features were studied in primary Addison’s patients with undetectable levels of cortisol treated in a double blind, randomized, cross-over fashion with either hydrocortisone or placebo supplementation. We found that REM latency was significantly decreased in Addison’s patients when receiving hydrocortisone at bedtime, whereas REM sleep time was increased. There was a trend toward an increase in the percentage of time in REM sleep and the number of REM sleep episodes. Waking time after sleep onset was increased, whereas no differences were observed between the two conditions when total sleep time or specific non-REM sleep parameters were evaluated. Our results suggest that in Addison’s patients, cortisol plays a positive, permissive role in REM sleep regulation and may help to consolidate sleep. These effects may be mediated either directly by the central effects of glucocorticoids and/or indirectly through CRH and/or ACTH.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document