Anchoring Effects in Facial Attractiveness

Perception ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 1043-1053
Author(s):  
Juergen Goller ◽  
Helmut Leder ◽  
Heather Cursiter ◽  
Rob Jenkins
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Test Item ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Presentation Order ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
Anchoring Effects ◽  
Final Item

First impressions from faces emerge quickly and shape subsequent behaviour. Given that different pictures of the same face evoke different impressions, we asked whether presentation order affects the overall impression of the person. In three experiments, we presented naturally varying photos of a person’s face in ascending (low-to-high) or descending (high-to-low) order of attractiveness. We found that attractiveness ratings for a subsequent test item were higher for the descending condition than for the ascending condition (Experiment 1), consistent with anchoring effects. In Experiment 2, we ruled out contrast between the final item and the test item as the cause of the effect by demonstrating anchoring within the sequence itself. In Experiment 3, we found that order of image presentation also affected dating decisions. Our findings demonstrate that first impressions from faces depend not only on visual information but also on the order in which that information is received. We suggest that models of impression formation and learning of individual faces could be improved by considering temporal order of encounters.

Textual Primacy Online: Impression Formation Based on Textual and Visual Cues in Facebook Profiles

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 672-687 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ayellet Pelled ◽  
Tanya Zilberstein ◽  
Alona Tsirulnikov ◽  
Eran Pick ◽  
Yael Patkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Online Social Networks ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Need For Cognition ◽  
Social Orientation ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Textual Cues

The existing literature presents ambivalent evidence regarding the significance of visual cues, as opposed to textual cues, in the process of impression formation. While visual information may have a strong effect due to its vividness and immediate absorption, textual information might be more powerful due to its solid, unambiguous nature. This debate is particularly relevant in the context of online social networks, whose users share textual and visual elements. To explore our main research question, “Which elements of one’s Facebook profile have a more significant influence on impression formation of extroversion—pictures or texts?” we conducted two complementary online experiments, manipulating visual and textual cues inside and outside the context of Facebook. We then attempted to identify the relevant underlying mechanisms in impression formation. Our findings indicate that textual cues play a more dominant role online, whether via Facebook or not, supporting assertions of a new-media literacy that is text based. Additionally, we found the participants’ level of need for cognition influenced the effect such that individuals with a high need for cognition placed more emphasis on textual cues. The number of “likes” was also a significant predictor of perceptions of the individuals’ social orientation, especially when the other cues were ambiguous.

Assessing audiovisual saliency and visual-information content in the articulation of consonants and vowels on audiovisual temporal perception

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Argiro Vatakis ◽  
Charles Spence
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Temporal Order ◽  
Temporal Integration ◽  
Visual Speech ◽  
Auditory Signal ◽  
Audiovisual Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Stream ◽  
Point Of Subjective Simultaneity ◽  
Speech Token ◽  
Manner Of Articulation

Research has revealed different temporal integration windows between and within different speech-tokens. The limited speech-tokens tested to date has not allowed for the proper evaluation of whether such differences are task or stimulus driven? We conducted a series of experiments to investigate how the physical differences associated with speech articulation affect the temporal aspects of audiovisual speech perception. Videos of consonants and vowels uttered by three speakers were presented. Participants made temporal order judgments (TOJs) regarding which speech-stream had been presented first. The sensitivity of participants’ TOJs and the point of subjective simultaneity (PSS) were analyzed as a function of the place, manner of articulation, and voicing for consonants, and the height/backness of the tongue and lip-roundedness for vowels. The results demonstrated that for the case of place of articulation/roundedness, participants were more sensitive to the temporal order of highly-salient speech-signals with smaller visual-leads at the PSS. This was not the case when the manner of articulation/height was evaluated. These findings suggest that the visual-speech signal provides substantial cues to the auditory-signal that modulate the relative processing times required for the perception of the speech-stream. A subsequent experiment explored how the presentation of different sources of visual-information modulated such findings. Videos of three consonants were presented under natural and point-light (PL) viewing conditions revealing parts, or the whole, face. Preliminary analysis revealed no differences in TOJ accuracy under different viewing conditions. However, the PSS data revealed significant differences in viewing conditions depending on the speech token uttered (e.g., larger visual-leads for PL-lip/teeth/tongue-only views).

A Classroom Exercise in Impression Formation

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 169-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joy L. Berrenberg
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Formation Processes ◽  
Classroom Exercise ◽  
Implicit Personality ◽  
Personality Theories

This classroom exercise provides students with an opportunity to examine aspects of their own impression-formation processes. The data generated can be used to stimulate discussion about the origins of implicit personality theories, person prototypes, and the accuracy of first impressions.

How are “First Impressions” Formed?

1967 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 834-836
Author(s):  
Kate Loewenthal
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Primacy Effect ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Verbal Activity ◽  
Selection Of

The primacy effect in personality impression formation is observed only when Ss write a description of the person before giving opinions (rating and selection of appropriate characteristics). This suggests the importance of certain types of verbal activity in the formation of opinions.

scholarly journals Impression formation on online dating sites: Effects of language errors in profile texts on perceptions of profile owners’ attractiveness

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 758-778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tess Van der Zanden ◽  
Alexander P. Schouten ◽  
Maria B. J. Mos ◽  
Emiel J. Krahmer
Keyword(s):  
Impression Formation ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Online Dating ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Rule Based ◽  
Romantic Attraction ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Physical Attraction ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Free Language

This article presents two experimental studies investigating the impact of language errors in online dating profiles on impression formation. A first study examined whether language errors have a negative effect on perceptions of attraction and dating intention and whether this effect is moderated by the presence of visual information, that is, the profile picture. This 2 (Language Errors/No Language Errors) × 2 (Visible/Blurred Picture) experiment revealed that language errors negatively affect perceptions of social and romantic attraction and that a visible picture on a profile positively affects perceptions of physical attraction. Study 2 focused on mechanical, rule-based, and informal language errors, which can each be attributed to different personality traits. Mechanical and rule-based errors lead to lower scores on, respectively, perceived attentiveness and intelligence, which in turn lead to lower attraction and dating intention scores. These results highlight the importance of error-free language use as a cue for attractiveness.

scholarly journals Memories Fade: The Relationship Between Memory Vividness and Remembered Visual Salience

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 657-668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rose A. Cooper ◽  
Elizabeth A. Kensinger ◽  
Maureen Ritchey
Keyword(s):  
Visual Information ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Visual Features ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Subsequent Test ◽  
The Relationship

Past events, particularly emotional experiences, are often vividly recollected. However, it remains unclear how qualitative information, such as low-level visual salience, is reconstructed and how the precision and bias of this information relate to subjective memory vividness. Here, we tested whether remembered visual salience contributes to vivid recollection. In three experiments, participants studied emotionally negative and neutral images that varied in luminance and color saturation, and they reconstructed the visual salience of each image in a subsequent test. Results revealed, unexpectedly, that memories were recollected as less visually salient than they were encoded, demonstrating a novel memory-fading effect, whereas negative emotion increased subjective memory vividness and the precision with which visual features were encoded. Finally, memory vividness tracked both the precision and remembered salience (bias) of visual information. These findings provide evidence that low-level visual information fades in memory and contributes to the experience of vivid recollection.

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