Safety Service Patrol Uniforms: Technology, National Practices, and Operator Preferences

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (11) ◽  
pp. 456-465
Author(s):  
Grady Carrick ◽  
Katherine Belmore
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
National Level ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Safety service patrols operate in more than 40 states and territories in the United States and each program operates with unique vehicles, uniforms, and equipment. Despite the variety of operator uniforms, legal and technical requirements at a national level dictate some choices, though color and style are largely at the discretion of states. Past research confirms that high-visibility safety apparel (HVSA) increases visibility. Biomotion markers on the joints further enhance visibility. The Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices specifies that personnel working in the right-of-way wear a Class 2 or 3 HVSA. A survey of states where service patrols operate found the majority use high-visibility yellow-green over red-orange, and Class 3 garments are preferred over Class 2. In relation to the base uniform, there is a mixture of maintenance-type uniforms, polo shirts, and no uniform specification at all. In a survey of Florida service patrol program managers and operators, conveying professionalism, comfort, and safety were the most valued aspects of uniforms. Operators understand the need to care and maintain HVSA, but may overestimate their ability to be seen at night by between two and four times the actual distance they are visible. When given a choice, operators preferred dark trousers with biomotion markers, though they were roughly split between the polo shirt/vest option and the integrated HVSA shirt that does not require use of a vest. A uniform protective outerwear was favored by almost all operators, and a ball cap was the headwear of choice.

Guide Signing for Two-Lane Exits with an Option Lane

2005 ◽  
Vol 1918 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Upchurch ◽  
Donald L. Fisher ◽  
Bhupinder Waraich
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Driving Simulator ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lane Changes ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
The Right ◽  
Measures Of Effectiveness ◽  
Do So

In recent years U.S. freeways have seen an increase in the number of exit ramps that feature a two-lane exit with an option lane. This is a situation in which motorists in the rightmost lane of the freeway must exit, and those in the adjacent lane may either exit or continue on the mainline. Communicating information to the motorist about this type of exit is exceptionally difficult. Ideally, a sign should convey the following: ( a) If you stay in the right lane, you will be forced to exit. ( b) If you wish to exit, you may do so from either the right lane or the adjacent lane. ( c) If you are in the adjacent lane and wish to continue on the mainline, you need not change lanes. Making all of these discrete concepts obvious in a simple sign is challenging, and there is no standard sign design for this situation in FHWA's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways (MUTCD). As a result, at least eight different sign designs are being used throughout the United States. This paper presents the results of an NCHRP human factors study conducted to identify the best design for a guide sign for this type of exit. Four candidate sign designs were evaluated with 96 test subjects in a driving simulator. Measures of effectiveness included the number of missed exits and the number of unnecessary lane changes. On the basis of the study results, one of the four designs is recommended for inclusion in the MUTCD.

scholarly journals Not All Forms of Independence Are Created Equal: Only Being Independent the “Right Way” Is Associated With Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Moza ◽  
Smaranda Ioana Lawrie ◽  
Laurențiu P. Maricuțoiu ◽  
Alin Gavreliuc ◽  
Heejung S. Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Past Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
The Right ◽  
Ways Of Being

Past research has found a strong and positive association between the independent self-construal and life satisfaction, mediated through self-esteem, in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures. In Study 1, we collected data from four countries (the United States, Japan, Romania, and Hungary; N = 736) and replicated these findings in cultures which have received little attention in past research. In Study 2, we treated independence as a multifaceted construct and further examined its relationship with self-esteem and life satisfaction using samples from the United States and Romania (N = 370). Different ways of being independent are associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction in the two cultures, suggesting that it is not independence as a global concept that predicts self-esteem and life satisfaction, but rather, feeling independent in culturally appropriate ways is a signal that one’s way of being fits in and is valued in one’s context.

A Triad of Crisis Communication in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud Eid ◽  
Jenna Bresolin Slade
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Change ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
White House ◽  
The Public ◽  
System Collapse ◽  
Right To Communicate ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
The Right

The United States experienced a core-shaking tumble from their pedestal of superpower at the beginning of the 21st century, facing three intertwined crises which revealed a need for change: the financial system collapse, lack of proper healthcare and government turmoil, and growing impatience with the War on Terror. This paper explores the American governments’ and citizens’ use of social network sites (SNS), namely Facebook and YouTube, to conceptualize and debate about national crises, in order to bring about social change, a notion that is synonymous with societal improvement on a national level. Drawing on democratic theories of communication, the public sphere, and emerging scholarship on the Right to Communicate, this study reveals the advantageous nature of SNS for political means: from citizen to citizen, government to citizen, and citizen to government. Furthermore, SNS promote government transparency, and provide citizens with a forum to pose questions to the White House, exchange ideas, and generate goals and strategies necessary for social change. While it remains the government’s responsibility to promote such exchanges, the onus remains with citizens to extend their participation to active engagement outside of SNS if social change is to occur. The Obama Administration’s unique affinity to SNS usage is explored to extrapolate knowledge of SNS in a political context during times of crises.

Effect on Vehicle-Pedestrian Conflicts of “Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians” Sign

1996 ◽  
Vol 1553 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Husham N. Abdulsattar ◽  
Mohammed S. Tarawneh ◽  
Patrick T. McCoy ◽  
Stephen D. Kachman
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Legal Obligation ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
The Right

Left- and right-turn movements at signalized intersections have been found to be three to six times more hazardous to pedestrians than through movements mainly because drivers fail to observe or yield the right of way to pedestrians. The objective was to evaluate the Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians sign, which was aimed at reminding turning motorists of their legal obligation to yield the right of way to pedestrians and, consequently, reducing vehicle-pedestrian conflicts. The sign was installed at 12 marked crosswalks in two cities, and vehicle-pedestrian conflict data were collected before and after its installation. The sign was effective in reducing left-turn conflicts 20 to 65 percent and right-turn conflicts 15 to 30 percent; both reductions were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The sign was significantly more effective in reducing left-turn conflicts than it was for right-turn conflicts. Percentage conflicts between pedestrians and turning traffic decreased as the pedestrian group size increased. In other words, larger pedestrian group sizes encountered fewer conflicts with turning traffic. This result is true for both left- and right-turn movements, regardless of the presence of the sign. Based on the results of this study, it was recommended that the “Turning Traffic Must Yield to Pedestrians” sign be considered for inclusion in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices.

The Impact of the Implementation of The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD 83) on Aeronautical Navigation in the United States

1993 ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Ronald M. Bolton
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
North American ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Reference System ◽  
New Technology ◽  
The United States ◽  
Geodetic Reference System ◽  
The North ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

On October 15, 1992, the horizontal geodetic reference system used for all aeronautical charts and chart-related products published by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/National Ocean Service (NOS) changed from the North American Datum of 1927 (NAO 27) to the North American Datum of 1983 (NAO 83). The Global Positioning System (GPS) now allows satellites to define much more accurately geographic locations in terms of latitude and longitude, utilizing an earth centered reference system; the NAO 83 is based on this new technology. As a result, the latitude and longitude of almost all points in the National Airspace System (NAS) were revised. The greatest coordinate s hifts were in Hawaii and Alaska where latitude moved by as much as 1200 feet and longitude by up to 950 feet. In the conterminous U.S., the largest changes were approximately 165 feet in latitude and 345 feet in longitude. The impact to aeronautical navigation in the C.S. of the datum shift from NAO 27 to NAO 83 was not limited to aeronautical charts and related publications. All Flight Management Systems (FMSs) and Air Traffic Control Systems (ATCs) had to be modified to accept and utilize the NAO 83 coordinates. The impact of the implementation of NAO 83 on aeronautical navigation in the United States was s gnificant.

Field Evaluation of a Leading Pedestrian Interval Signal Phase at Three Urban Intersections

2000 ◽  
Vol 1734 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron Van Houten ◽  
Richard A. Retting ◽  
Charles M. Farmer ◽  
Joy Van Houten
Keyword(s):  
Public Education ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Signal Phase ◽  
Right Of Way ◽  
Pedestrian Injury ◽  
Pedestrian Traffic ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Pedestrian Crashes ◽  
The Right

About 37 percent of pedestrian injury crashes and 20 percent of fatal pedestrian crashes occur at intersections. Many conventional countermeasures include traffic control devices that either increase pedestrian attention to potential vehicle-pedestrian conflicts or encourage drivers to yield to pedestrians. A noteworthy limitation of these warning and prompting messages is their reliance on a voluntary behavioral response. Public education and enforcement campaigns have also generally not produced tangible and long-lasting safety benefits. This research, conducted at three urban intersections, examined the influence of a 3-s leading pedestrian interval (LPI)—a brief and exclusive signal phase dedicated to pedestrian traffic—on pedestrian behavior and conflicts with turning vehicles. The introduction of a 3-s LPI reduced conflicts between pedestrians and turning vehicles and reduced the incidence of pedestrians yielding the right-of-way to turning vehicles.

Bentham on Presumed Offences

Utilitas ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 363-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
FREDERICK SCHAUER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
The United States ◽  
Penal Code ◽  
Jeremy Bentham ◽  
Legal Rules ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

In the Principles of the Penal Code, Jeremy Bentham described offences that he labelled presumed or evidentiary. The conduct penalized under such offences is punished not because it is intrinsically wrong, but because it probabilistically indicates the presence of an intrinsic wrong. Bentham was sceptical of the need to create offences, but grudgingly accepted their value in light of deficiencies in procedure and the judiciary. These days the scepticism is even greater, with courts and commentators in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom and elsewhere believing that such ‘proxy’ offences deny a defendant the right to establish that he did not engage in the conduct that the presumed offence probabilistically but not necessarily indicates. On closer analysis, however, such scepticism appears unjustified. Almost all offences, and indeed almost all legal rules, are premised on a probabilistic relationship between the behaviour the rule encompasses and the behaviour that is the rule-maker's real concern. Presumed offences may make this relationship especially obvious, but it is a relationship that exists whenever the law operates by the use of rules.

scholarly journals The issue of developing animal legal subjectivity

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 187-200
Author(s):  
Klara Walkowicz
Keyword(s):  
Biological Sciences ◽  
United States ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
The United States ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Legal Subjectivity ◽  
The Right ◽  
Almost All

Currently almost all democratic countries grant legal protection to animals, guaranteeing them the right to life and freedom from suffering as a basis. Nevertheless, in certain countries, such as the United States and India, attempts are made to grant select species a package of rights which predisposes them to be called subjects instead of objects of law, and distinguishes them from other animals. Such activities are most commonly explained by the development of biological sciences, allowing for a better understanding of the abilities of animals in the intellectual and social spheres. Such demands, due to the still unclear legal status of animals in certain countries, are perceived as equating the position of humans and animals.

Lending to the Borrower from Hell

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauricio Drelichman ◽  
Hans-Joachim Voth
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sovereign Debt ◽  
Risk Sharing ◽  
The United States ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Loan Contracts ◽  
The Right ◽  
Intelligent Model ◽  
New Evidence

Why do lenders time and again loan money to sovereign borrowers who promptly go bankrupt? When can this type of lending work? As the United States and many European nations struggle with mountains of debt, historical precedents can offer valuable insights. This book looks at one famous case—the debts and defaults of Philip II of Spain. Ruling over one of the largest and most powerful empires in history, King Philip defaulted four times. Yet he never lost access to capital markets and could borrow again within a year or two of each default. Exploring the shrewd reasoning of the lenders who continued to offer money, the book analyzes the lessons from this historical example. Using detailed new evidence collected from sixteenth-century archives, the book examines the incentives and returns of lenders. It provides powerful evidence that in the right situations, lenders not only survive despite defaults—they thrive. It also demonstrates that debt markets cope well, despite massive fluctuations in expenditure and revenue, when lending functions like insurance. The book unearths unique sixteenth-century loan contracts that offered highly effective risk sharing between the king and his lenders, with payment obligations reduced in bad times. A fascinating story of finance and empire, this book offers an intelligent model for keeping economies safe in times of sovereign debt crises and defaults.

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